Mobile Phone Usage Among the Teenagers Essay

1.1 Introduction Mobile phones have become very popular in recent years and their development has been amazing. It is no wonder why they have become irreplaceable. With all applications which go with them they have gained a huge popularity with the people nowadays especially the teenagers. A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device which can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator. The calls are to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world. Cell phones are a great invention and a popular way to communicate—almost every individual in the Philippines have and owns a cell phone. They allow us to work on the go and stay in touch. When put in the hands of a teenager, however, they can have some effects of which adults should be aware. Cell phones provide security for teens and parents who worry about them; help is never out of reach and parents can check on their children easily. Teens’ natural tendency to follow trends may result in an emotional attachment to a cell phone (in its latest model) that is out of scale with its actual value. Some teens may even develop an â€Å"addiction† to the device that excludes anything not viewed or heard. Cell phones allow only verbal, disembodied relationships at a time when adolescents should be working on developing a sense of their own—and others’—physical space. The acquisition of a cell phone appears to influence the communication choices of teens. And while all teens are more likely to say they most often talk on the phone when communicating with their friends, teens with cell phones is more likely than teens without to say that they most often communicate with friends by written messages rather than the phone. It is a common sight – cell phones (mobile phones) in the hands of people, especially teenagers. Literature has provided in-depth evidence of the uses, advantages, disadvantages, impact, consequences and concerns about the use of mobile phones. Why teenagers fancy this device, is an interesting observation where the experts attach its significance to teenagers’ identity factor. The usage of mobile phones has re-shaped, re-organized and altered several social facets. Particularly focusing on teenagers’ mobile phone usage, literature has provided evidence of them being used for both positive purposes and negative reasons. The spread of mobile communication among Finnish teenagers has been markedly rapid during the latter half of the 1990s. Young people have created and developed a communication culture that incorporates many special features, such as a rise in the use of text-based communication channels. Teenagers’ intersecting and selective use of communication channels has generated multimedia communication. If this is the case, how could we describe and analyze these new forms of interaction? The media landscapes created by teenagers serve to articulate their personal space, as well as enabling their presentation of self and defining their relationships to others. 1.2Statement of the problems 1.2.1What are the advantages and disadvantages to the socialization that teenagers could get from using the cell phones? 1.2.2 What could be the effects to the teenager’s health in being addiction of cell phones? 1.2.3 How the cell phones can be use properly by teen agers? CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 2.1 Related Literature 2.2 Related Studies 2.3 Relevance of the surveyed Literature and Studies to Present Study CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Research Methodology 3.2Respondents A further breakup of age groups indicated that all the 17-19 olds had mobile phones A further breakup of age groups indicated that all the 17-19 olds had mobile phones. In addition, not possessing mobile phone/s is higher in the age bracket 15-16 year olds when compared to 13-14 olds. The spread of mobile communication among teenagers has been markedly rapid during the latter half of the 1990s. Young people have created and developed a communication culture that incorporates many special features, such as a rise in the use of text-based communication channels. Teenagers’ intersecting and selective use of communication channels has generated multimedia communication. From the theoretical standpoint provided by symbolic interactions, we can ask whether communication through new media technologies generates new forms of social interaction. If this is the case, how could we describe and analyze these new forms of interaction? The media landscapes created by teenagers serve to articulate their personal space, as well as enabling their presentation of self and defining their relationships to others. The quality of sleep of almost half of 16 year olds may be affected by text messaging on mobile phones, a study from Belgium says. The sleep of one in four 13 year olds could be affected too, says the researchers, who looked at the effects of text messaging on sleep interruption in teenagers (Journal of Sleep Research (2003:12:263). In the research, about 2500 first and fourth year children (aged 13 years and 16 years respectively) in the Leuven study on media and adolescent health (SOMAH) based in Flanders, Belgium, were asked how often they were awoken at night by incoming text messages on their mobile phone. In the first year students, 13.4% reported being woken up one to three times a month, 5.8% were woken up once a week, 5.3% were woken up several times a week and 2.2% were woken up every night. In the fourth year group, 20.8% were woken up between one and three times a month, 10.8% were woken up at least once a week, 8.9% were woken up several times a week, and 2.9% were woken up every night. The teenagers were also asked to indicate how tired they felt at various times. â€Å"These preliminary findings suggest that mobile telephones may be having a major impact on the quality of sleep of a growing number of adolescents. It affected a quarter of the youngest to almost half of the eldest children in the sample,† says Jan Van den Bulck of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, who reports the findings in a letter to the journal. Conclusion: The influence of mobile technology on our lives is huge and even greater on teenagers. In the age in which they’re developing as individuals all that mobile phones birng leaves a strong trace on their growing up. The usage of mobile phones in their age should be controlled but they shouldn’t be discouraged from using them as they bring many benefits.

A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Essay

Chile is a country situated on the west coast of South America. It is also known as The Republic of Chile. The size of Chile is 289,112 square miles with a width of less than 100 miles. It is basically a little larger than Texas. Chile is divided into three main parts, mainland and two territorial islands named Isla Sala y Gomez and Easter. Chile has an interesting history and it has seen many ups and downs in its economic development (Hudson, 1994). A description of the history of the 20th century of Chile and its current economic and political situation is presented below. The history of the 20th century of Chile is mainly focused on its entrance to the parliamentary system and thus it saw the changes in its political situation. In the beginning of the 20th century, Chile was stable despite of having lesser power in the hands of presidents. During this time, congress selected the president for the country. The presidents of this century mainly includes: German Riesco Errazuriz, Pedro Montt, Ramon Barros Luco, and Juan Luis Sanfuentes. During the 1920’s, there was an increasing gap between the middle class and lower class of society (Bizzarro, 1987). Due to this gap, the masses were dissatisfied and they called a new leader, Arturo Alessandri Palma, who brought the system of election for the selection of president. He brought other changes as well such as compulsory primary education and separation between the church and state. After a few months’ service of Alessandri, Carlos Ibanez came into power and promoted public works and industry; however, he is known as a military dictator. Electoral Democracy was there during the years of 1931 to 1971 in Chile. After a period of uncertainty in Chile, Alessandri came into power again. Alessandri ruled Chile almost like a dictator and restored the power of Constitution of 1925. Considering the presidency elections of 1958, it is found that there were three candidates and all were from different types of people. They were conservative, Christian Democrat, and Socialist (Zanartu, & Kennedy, 1969). Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez won the election of 1858 and maintained a stable situation in Chile. Alessandri was sensible and with his ability to maintain the economic and political situation, he put a halt to the inflation in Chile; thus, contributed in the economic development of the nation. In 1964, Frei defeated Allende again. Frei was a Christian Democrat and took control over the copper industry of Chile. In the next elections, Allende came into power with his socialist view. Allende was the first elected Marxist in Chile. Allende brought new policies and changed the existing policies; such as, he finished the nationalization of the copper firms of the United States, nationalized banks, and sped up land distribution in the country. Some leaders in Chile were against the socialists programs of Allende. In 1973, with the help of the U.  S. , a military coup ousted Allende (after which he committed suicide). After Allende, Pinochet ruled untill 1990. He was mainly focused on privatization and returned the banks, factories and lands to the private owners, and put strict economic and social condition on the people of Chile (Weil, 1969). Overall, it can be said that Chile saw many different leaders in the history of the 20th century and developed in many directions. Current economic and political situation of Chile is described below in the paper. The Economic Situation During the 1970’s Chile saw the economic growth, but in the next decade it experienced recession. Pinochet was the president of Chile and he put some strict economic conditions on Chileans. Looking at the current economic condition of Chile, it can be said that it is a growing and prosperous economy. The government of Chile has a played an important role in the economic development of Chile. Peso is the official currency of the country. The government has intervened many times in the financial market of Chile to control the economic situation of the nation and promoted the social spending (Loveman, 1988). According to the current economic condition, the total GDP of Chile is U. S. $ 268. 3 billion and its GDP growth is 5%. Inflation in the country is 4 to 5% and its main industries include copper, iron, lithium, fish processing, foodstuffs, wood and woods products, cement, textile, etc. (Thomas White International, 2013). It is already discussed above that culture and history of Chile has affected the economic development of the country many times and its reflection can be seen in the economic system of Chile. Chile has seen both growth and recession (with the different economic treatments of its presidents) It is currently able to manage a decrease in the foreign debt and open for the foreign investment. The Current Political Situation The current political system of Chile is also stable. It is nation with multiparty. The country has three branches of executive, legislative, and judiciary. The cxecutive branch selects the president for the country and the legislative branch has two houses named Chamber of Deputies and Senate. The Supreme Court and other lower courts come under the judiciary system. There are many political parties involved in the Chilean Government and they are trying to maintain the social and economic condition of the country (Kelleher & Klein, 2011). Analysis and Conclusions Concluding the paper it can be said that Chile has now become an important part of the global economy with its growing industries. Due to many changes in its political atmosphere in the 20th century, Chile faced many challenges in its economic development as it saw growth as well as recession. In 1990, the democratic government was again brought into Chile. A Christian democrat Eduardo Frei won the election in 1993. Currently, the condition of Chile is stable. Chile is facing some challenges in its development of having some problems between the military and the government. Also, there is a belief in the people of Chile that the income inequality is getting worse. Apart from the economic problems, the people of Chile are facing the problems of natural disaster. A devastating earthquake has affected the economic condition of Chilean. The newly elected president of Chile, Sebastian Pinera, is trying to control the challenges that the country is facing (Cynthia & Crabtree, 2010).

Opinions of the plans for Cuckmere Haven

The Cuckmere haven restoration project has received a lot of mixed opinions; some believe it is a great idea and will be sustainable in years to come, others disagree and believe it is a bad decision and will jeopardise the surrounding environment and some aren't bothered about what happens as it will not effect them. The majority of the people who disagree with the project are locals in the area and are concerned about the possible risk of flooding, damage to the vast wildlife in the area and also the beautiful estuary becoming an eyesore. It is understandable that the local residents are worried as the future management of the estuary will affect them, however, on the day we visited Cuckmere haven, only 8 of 34 people travelled less than 5miles to get there, from this I can see why many other people aren't concerned about the Cuckmere haven's future as they won't be affected by the changes being made, which was made clear on our questionnaire results, as shown below How will the scheme affect you? However, not all the local residents are against the plan as Grace Francis confirms stating, â€Å"We deserve to be fully protected – no-one warned us when we bought the house this would happen. I don't know how long we will be able to stay in this property.† Grace wishes for her home to be protected and believes the restoration project will ensure that her property remains safe and will not be affected by rising sea levels and flooding. Colin King – another local resident, believes that by carrying out the restoration project, the beauty of the estuary will be ruined. He claimed, â€Å"Nearly half a million people visit the Cuckmere valley each year. They marvel at the meandering river and will be disappointed to see mudflats.† People who feel strongly about protecting the environment are more likely to be against the scheme, as they believe it could be potentially dangerous for certain wildlife. Others, such as the Sussex Downs Conservation board, believe that the plan is a good option for protecting certain species as it involves connecting the cut-off meander back with the channel. They explained that, â€Å"the meanders do not function naturally and are gradually filling up with silt. In the summer of 2003, the hot weather resulted in the death of large numbers of flatfish, flounder and plaice because the shallow water heated up reducing the oxygen available for the fish to breathe in.† From our questionnaire results, I can see that majority of the people asked visited Cuckmere haven for the beautiful views and scenery, which will be dramatically changed by carrying out the restoration project. David Pearce, local retired resident, supports this argument, stating that, â€Å"this is an iconic place, an essential part of Sussex's identity. I oppose this proposal†. Overall there are a variety of opinions on whether or not the plan will be a success; the environment agency did consider these points and due to mass dispute, the plan was delayed in 2003.

Can those who commit violent crimes be considered otherwise ordinary Essay

Can those who commit violent crimes be considered otherwise ordinary young men Discuss - Essay Example Higher quality essays are different from lower quality example essays in the sense that higher quality essays are well-referenced with credible resources. These high quality essays hardly utilize personal opinions of the authors; instead, they utilize facts and other information supported by research and other scholarly studies. The references used in these high quality essays are also credible and reliable sources, with authors who are considered experts in the field they are writing on. These studies are also peer-reviewed and evaluated by other similar experts. They are also published in credible journals, publishing companies, news writing crews, and academic websites. The resources are also unbiased as they are not being financially supported by private firms or companies who can manipulate the information being used. There are no logical fallacies in the references used by the authors; the statements made by the authors are well-supported by facts, statistics, and empirical dat a. In effect, they flow from one logical truth to another, making the results valid and reliable for the study being carried out. The studies cited in the example essays used in this study also included detailed bibliographies at the end of their writing. The more detail contained in the referenced, the higher the quality of the essays. This helps ensure that the references can be evaluated by other authors and the process of research itself is repeatable and verifiable. I used the information gained from critiquing the essays in order to provide structure to the essays. I compared such information with each other and compared the results for these studies, noting differences and similarities in results based on such information. Studies which presented the most reliable information after each view were included in the study. The studies which provided reliable data were also compared with each other and later critiqued based on methodology and ethical validity. Studies which did no t pass muster under ethical validity were discarded in favour of other more reliable studies. I also used the information gained from the critique to gain credible information which I then compared with other credible studies. Inconsistencies in data or differing results merited a repeat evaluation and critique of the example essays in order to weed out possible causes of inconsistencies. A high quality essay is also one which is structurally sound, using any of the academically recommended styles like APA, MLA, and Harvard styles. The grammar is correct and consistent all throughout the essay. There are no spelling mistakes and the writing style is formal and academic. There are no abbreviations and contractions throughout the text and the proper headings and page numbers are included in the text. With these structural and functional elements, and with proper references, a paper can be deemed high

Individual projects- movie review or consumption Journal Essay - 2

Individual projects- movie review or consumption Journal - Essay Example CIA official James Woolsey waxes ominous concerning the American practice of large-scale borrowing in terms of money and resources, such as aluminum thru zinc, to the tune of eight-hundred billion dollars in order to finance our oil trade, with implications for disaster looming amidst the suggestion of a house-of-cards-like strategy. A series of experts deliver what are referred to as Time-capsule interviews. David Suzuki, geneticist/biologist who expounds on his theories of the importance of understanding all of mankinds needs in terms of living systems, while the iconic mathematician-scientist Stephen Hawkins delivers warnings on a myriad of ways in which we might destroy ourselves, and predicts the necessity of colonization of other planets as the only means to survive our abuse of this one. Gloria Flora exhorts us to vote, and not just in a ballot box, but vote in the way in which you use and buy products in your daily lives. In so doing, we approve of everything that goes into a product when we put our money on a counter to purchase it. Health guru Andrew Weil weighs in on his own awareness of the problem and willingness to help averting catastrophe. The founder of the Greenbelt Movement, and Nobel Prize winner Wangari Maathai informs us that it takes ten trees to process the carbon dioxide of each individu al, and for each of us to ensure such vegetation remains. A central prediction of the theme is that industrial civilization has caused irreparable damage to the planet; by way of the assumption that carbon dioxide output creates a warming climate that leads to hurricanes, such as Katrina, and various climactic disasters. An interesting premise is that the problem is primarily one of leadership, rather than technology. That is a principle that deserves further discussion and examination. For years we have heard that solar power, and wind power are just not sufficiently effective to give us profitable industry and

Are traffic fatalities another consequence Case Study - 1

Are traffic fatalities another consequence - Case Study Example Elements of a study’s methodology section such as the type of data to be collected and the approach to data collection also depends on such clarity of objectives that the research question achieves. Failure to outline the research question is the main reason for potential difficulty in answering the research question because the inferred question may not have been what the researchers intended to answer. The researchers could have similarly have a different objective into the study than answering the average inferred question and the lack of focus could be a challenge. The authors attempted to answer the research through a quantitative approach. They used a survey design to sample data from ‘summer break’ destination areas. A database that the National Highway maintains was the source of data for the study and a non-probability sampling approach used to average  select 21 areas for the study. Quantitative data analysis that generated descriptive and inferential statistics then established a basis for answering the research question in order to bridge the gap that the researchers noted. Results show that the summer break spots have a significant mean fatality incidence that contributes to the overall number of fatalities in the considered areas. There is also a significant difference in average weekly incidents of fatality between summer break weeks and other weeks. The rates are higher in summer break weeks and ‘summer break’ destination areas.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Leadership - Assignment Example Madiba as he was known has been called a global icon, freedom fighter and South Africa’s Favorite Son. He is a nonprofit leader as he stood for the rights of the black people during the apartheid period. This resulted in being a political prisoner for 27 years. Also, Mandela is the most honoured political prisoner in history. It is evident since prison bars could not prevent him from inspiring South Africans to struggle and sacrifice for the liberation. Mandela actions led South Africa to gain independence in 1994 and he became the first democratically elected president. Mandela actions of humanity led to him to win a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 (Guiloineau, 2002). In conclusion, Mandela sacrificed the joys of family life to pursue a career of his choice to fight for the values of his people. Even after retiring from presidency in June 1999, Mandela continued to campaign globally for peace and the fight against HIV/AIDS. Mandela also formed an independent group of global leaders who would offer their collective influence and experience to support peace building and enhance shared interest of humanity. He died on 5 Dec 2013 after a lung

Bulla Ice Cream Situation Analysis Research Paper

Bulla Ice Cream Situation Analysis - Research Paper Example The first commercial ice-cream was produced in Australia in 1907 (Unilever, 2010). Streets ice-cream marked the beginning of the ice-cream industry in Australia in 1920 (Unilever, 2011). This was subsequently taken over by Unilever and is now one of the biggest and best known manufacturers with brands such as Magnum, Paddle Pop and Blue Ribbon. This was the first ice-cream available on sticks and today Magnum sells about 1 billion units per year. 2. Market Statistics Positive change in both value and volume in the Ice-cream sales (Appendix A) in Australia suggests that economic downturn ash not impacted the sales of this luxury food item. Sale has increased by about 9% in value 2 years from 2007 and about 5% in volume. However, there have been significant increases in the sales of tubs (23.2% by volume) while the sales of multipacks and desserts have declined. Again, while Nestle and Unilever have seen declining sales, Bulla’s sales in two years has increased almost one hundre d percent. All other brands such as Weis and Sara Lee have seen sales decline over this period. Amongst the popular brands those of Nestle – Peters Original and Peters Light & Creamy have steadily declined. Brands such as Bulla Real Dairy, Bulla Ribbon and Bulla Creamy Classic have almost doubled in two years. Bulla Ribbon has registered the highest growth (more than 100%). 3. Business Environment Political Australia has very low risk of political stability and the country ranks third in the world for political stability (NSW, 2011). This makes it a safe investment location. Australia is a constitutional democracy based on federal division of powers. Economical Australia offers an environment that encourages freedom of speech and freedom from internal control (MIEPA, n.d.). Business investment and foreign entrepreneurship is encouraged in all sectors. Despite economic downturn ice-cream continues to be an affordable indulgence for the Australians leading to a sustained growth of 3% in 2010 (Euromonitor International, 2010). The ice-cream industry shows an increase at an annualized rate of 2.3% to $485 million in the five years through 2010-11 (Ibisworld, 2011). Socio-cultural – health and wellness products are in high demand and shape the performance of indulgence and impulsive purchase such as increase-creams (Euromonitor International, 2010). This is the reason that despite constrained consumer spending sales remained robust. Impulse ice-cream is identified as a quintessential activity in Australia and a key aspect of Australian life. However, as the consumers have become health-conscious innovative product lines and adapting to changing consumer trends has become important. Technological Australia has the latest technology in ice-cream production and research is an on-going process in Australia. Competition Unilever continues to dominate the entire Asia-Pacific market in ice-creams having 8.6% of the total market share (Appendix B). Nestle and Bulla Dairy are the other two main contenders in this sector 4. Bulla Ice Cream analysis Bulla Dairy is an Australian-owned family business that constantly introduces new products based on technological innovation. Started in 1910, the organization sells its products all over Australia and also exports throughout Asia and the Pacific region. It has diverse range of products categorized into Retail, Foodservice, Route and Export. Yoghurt, ice-creams, cheese and cream are its specialties.

Contemporary Management Practice (with IT focus) - Assignment 2 Essay

Contemporary Management Practice (with IT focus) - Assignment 2 - Essay Example advantage over others by gaining markets and customers, organisational managers must now deeply study complex scenarios and technology as well as technology change to allocate organisational resources in a strategic manner. This essay presents a discussion about the impact of technology on the way in which organisations are now managed. I certify that, except where cited in the text, this work is the result of research carried out by the author of this study. The main content of the study which has been presented contains work that has not previously been reported anywhere. Within the recent past, the practice of management has undergone a change which was brought about as a result of intense competition, globalisation and developments in technology including information technology, e-commerce and the Internet etc (Tassabehji, 2007, Pp. 15). Computing power that was made available as a result of advances in technology on a broad front made it possible for managers to use tools of corporate finance and capital market analysis as well as management information systems and decision support systems to assist them to make better and more informed decisions (Kochan, 2003, Chapter 1). Computer modelling based on operations research and statistics became an important tool for the modelling of complex situations to provide a feel for the human decision makers. Database technology enabled organisations to maintain, process and to rapidly access huge quantities of data that was of interest to organisations. It is now necessary to manage technology and the process of technology innovation, with work taking on a new meaning and management-employee relations being guided on the basis of principles of economics and behavioural science. Knowledge management is now important and the rapidly escalating prices of energy and food pose new challenges for business. Technology is now said to be moving towards a convergence of information science, life science and nanotechnology.

Concepts of Irish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concepts of Irish - Essay Example It cannot be denied that the Vikings invasions throughout Western Europe played a role in the shaping of society, both politically and socially in the ninth and tenth centuries. In his book, Kings and Vikings, Sawyer notes that although the Vikings were disruptive and destructive when raiding, they made a positive contribution to society as conquerors and colonists.(Sawyer, 1994).This is a revised view of Vikings, where previously they were thought to be plundering and murderous villains and is more accurate if we are to take the evidence of the social development due to the Vikings into account. Ireland was affected strongly by the impact of the Vikings. Before the invasions of the Norse, the Irish were a race of cattle farmers, living mainly inland and there was little commerce or trade within Ireland or between Ireland and the rest of Europe. After the Norse had settled the Irish concentrated on the coastal areas and a rich system of trade developed. This shows that the Vikings had a significant impact on the culture and society of the Irish, without which they would not have developed so quickly. It is the attitudes of these Normans towards the Irish that is particularly interesting, however. Gerald of Wales describes the Irish people as uniformly barbaric, with only a talent for music to recommend them. Gerald of Wales was born in about 1147 at Mamobier Castle, Pembrokeshire. His father was a Norman knight, and his mother a Welsh princess. After his studies he became a teacher in Paris. Later he was appointed Court Chaplain to King Henry II. In 1185 Henry ordered Gerald to accompany Prince John to Ireland. He wrote about these experiences in his books, The Topography of Ireland and The Conquest of Ireland. Gerald was particularly interested in the military tactics used by both sides. Although Gerald was critical of the Irish his book shows concern for the way they were treated by John's army. In The Topography of Ireland, Gerald of Wales writes in great length of the beauty of the land, all the while keeping it in perspective to Britain, which the author obviously feels is superior in many ways to Ireland. After the beautiful description of the land and its resources, however, Gerald speaks about the rudimentary cultures of the people. "This people are not tenderly nursed from their birth, as others are; for besides the rude fare they receive from their parents, which is only just sufficient for their sustenance, as to the rest, almost all is left to nature. They are not placed in cradles, or swathed, nor are their tender limbs either fomented by constant bathings, or adjusted with art. For the midwives make no use of warm water, nor raise their noses, nor depress the face, nor stretch the legs, but nature alone, with very slight aids from art, disposes and adjusts the limbs to which she has given birth, just as she pleasesBut although they are richly endowed with the gif ts of nature, their want of civilization, shown both in their dress and their mental culture, makes them a barbarous people. For they wear but little woollen, and nearly all they use is black, that being the color of the sheep in this country. Their clothes are also made after a barbarous fashion, " (Cambrensis, 2000). It is apparent that Gerald of Wales did not have high respect for much of Irish culture. In Contrast, Bede the Venerable seemed

Corporate Profit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Profit - Research Paper Example $3178(in thousands) with the actual sales of $7812(in thousands), whereas of district number two is $3058 (in thousands) with the actual sales of $74809(in thousands). The northeast company with the sales of $6812 (in thousands) has actual gross profit of $2478(in thousands). This district, since it has third largest sales is expected that it would have third larges profit margins also, but it is not so. The other districts like district number 4 has more profit margins, $2590(in thousands) than the northeast district. The graph below shows the comparison of various districts considering actual gross profit of various districts. District number 4 has same number of sales representatives as northeast district. It is this figure which ahs compelled the country sales manager to appoint a new district sales manager so as to increase the sales margins of the company in that district. The actual gross profit of districts 5, 6 and 7 are $2372(in thousands), $2358 (in thousands) and $2260 (i n thousands) respectively. Though northeast district higher profits than district 5, 6 and 7, yet considering its sales figure it is not high enough districts. The analysis of these expenses is important because the actual profits of the company depend on these expenses. As clearly seen from the graph, district 2 has less expenses than district 3 i.e. north east district this in spite of district 2 having more actual sales and actual gross profit than northeast district. As the expenses increase profits are bound to reduce. This explains why northeast district is showing lesser profits compared to other districts with the similar actual sales. Of these expenses the district has $108(in thousands) expenses in the form of sales representative expenses. The main aim of the new manager would be to reduce these expenses. Selling expenses of the other countries are comparatively lesser than that of the northeast district. This has prompted the country sales manager to appoint the new sales manager for the district so as to reduce the expenses. Figure 3 4) District wise contribution to the Corporate Profit: From the graph below it is clear that district 1 contributed $2401,168 while district 2 contributed $2355,308 towards the corporate profit. However since the northeast company higher expenses its contribution towards the corporate profits is $1740942. This is even lesser than the district number 4 which we had seen earlier had lesser sales than the northeast district. Contribution of district 4 is $1,893,694. Contribution of north central district, number 7, is surprisingly 2,019,484, which is much more than northeast district. The prominent reason behind this is that is has very low expenses $600516. This clearly shows again that the expenses of northeast company

From Poland to USA Essay Example for Free

From Poland to USA Essay Life, for me, has always been about taking risks in order to fulfill our dreams. Sometimes, we are required to face the difficult challenges in order to succeed in life. Originally, I am from Poland, and five years ago, I decided to move to the United States to fulfill my dreams. Moving to the United States was a very big leap from my end. My determination to succeed in life has been my driving force for survival in a country away from mine. My dream of acquiring a degree from an American college was now within reach. All I needed was a little bit of luck, and a handful of determination. The first few years I spent in the United States was a struggle. I had to learn a new language and adapt a new culture. I found myself adjusting to a new environment, where I was able to appreciate the new things that surrounded me. Living a life in New York was something out of the extraordinary. To fend for myself, I took on odd jobs, from being a waitress, to a cashier, and a paralegal for different employers. Although I was living a comfortable life, I was not contented with what I had. I wanted to enhance myself by continuing my education. I wanted so much to be a successful career woman. Although I had acquired a Masters degree in Sociology, I still wanted to pursue a Masters degree in Public Administration. I have always been ambitious and determined to achieve my goals. A new degree will help me enhance my knowledge about things, and eventually help me to be of service to the United States. New York City faces many issues that require the implementation of new policies. With the education provided to me, I may be able to face such and do the necessary changes for the betterment of society. The knowledge I have acquired from studying Sociology has given me a well rounded education in liberal arts, that may be used to my advantage in my future careers. Having a fulfilling career definitely means a lot to me. The education that this university will give me will help me become a more diverse individual. In addition to this, I may be able to integrate my Polish culture with that of the Americans, that may be used to my advantage in further job opportunities.

Ericsson Headquarters in Cyberjaya: Architecture Theory

Ericsson Headquarters in Cyberjaya: Architecture Theory 1.0 INTRODUCTION Serina Hijjas is a wellknown Malaysian architect and also the director of the Hijjas Kasturi Associates Sdn. She had 20 over years experience in this architecture design field. Serina took over her dad interest in this architecture field as her dad is also an architect , Hijjas Kasturi, the founder of Hijjas Kasturi Associates Sdn. Serina graduated with a Diploma in Architecture in University of Sydney and Bachelor of Science in Architecture from the Barlett School of Architecture in England. She was once an archietctural assistant with the Foster Associates, focuses on masterplan for King Cross for two years after her graduation. Later on, she decided to return to Malaysia and work for Hijjas Kasturi Associates focusing on conceptual design, contract management on retail, office building and commercial. She involved in Masterplan in Putrajaya. Serina Hijjas is the founding member of Malaysia’s Grren Building Index technical Committee, which she is very qualified with her experience and architectural background. The Committee acquires the professional membership of boards of Architects in Malaysia and it corporates with the member of PAM. One of Serina greatest achievement with her company was getting involved with the Putrajaya Masterplan design. Her company also work in many otehr plenty large scale projects such as the Masterplan Core Island Boulevard for Putrajaya and Putrajaya Convention Centre, Ericsson Malaysia at Cyberjaya, Telekom Malaysia Headquarters Building, ASEAN Instisture of Medicine, and much more. She has been very active in the area of Energy Efficiency and suatainability since her formative years of architecture practice in The Fosters, London. Besides getting involved in much of government projects, she has also gave much talk and be a good speaker in giving her speech and talks at various green architectural seminar. There are few awards that she had won during these 20 over years of experience which is the Asean Energy Efficiency Award for Securities Commission Headquarters, Bukit Kiara in 2001, Nominated for the Aga Khan Award for Telekom Malaysia Headquarters in 2004, Exhibited at the Royal Academy Summer Show, Tower Category for Telekom Malaysia Headquarters, 2nd Place International, Dubai National Library Competition in 2005, Asean Energy Efficiency Award for Telekom Malaysia Headquarters in 2005 and being nominated for the Aga Khan Award for Putrajaya Convention Centre in year 2006. ii.Project description The aim of this project is to convey and understanding of architect’s architectural theory through a direct observation and analysis of his projects. Each of the architectural elements in the chosen building will be broken down and matches with the relevant architectural theories. Besides that, analysis of the relationship between architecture and its social, cultural and intellectual context will be conveyed through diagrams and essay. iii. Building Introduction In this essay, the chosen building to be analyzed is the Ericsson RD Building designed by Serina Hijjas, The client of this project is the Ericsson. This building is the headquarter of Ericsson in the Asia country. The budget of this project was RM110million and it completed in the year 2002. Its the home of the Swedish telecommunications giant, is located in the Multimedia Super Corridor, Cyberjaya. This unique building, with a total air-conditioning area of 300,000 sq ft, houses state-of-the-art facilities for RD inventions.The air-conditioning system utilizes the chilled water from the district cooling (primary circuit) and is circulated into the building (secondary circuit) through heat exchangers. The state-of-the-art air-conditioning system installed in this building incorporates the innovative concept of raised-floor technology and precision air-conditioning system. (Effective Cooling Technologies,2006). 2.0 EXTERNAL FACTOR 1- CLIMATE Ericsson Headquarters in Cyberjaya has large overhanging eaves roof to prevent excessive sunlight to enter the building and affect the comfort level of users. The orientation of the building in the site, where the East west part of the building, is covered with long overhang eaves, act as a shading devices. The large overhanging roof at the sides of the building, having like a perforated type of roof, letting the sunlight to penetrates in the external spaces forming an interesting shadows of spaces. Large overhanging roofs at the entrance with full curtain wall creates a grand entrance. There’s also a tree structure roof at the entrance to gives a feeling of welcoming to the users at the same time as a shading device, protecting the users from sun and rain. The interesting roof at the entrance, having the glass on the rooftop, letting light penetrationg and casting light giving a bright and interesting entrance. The central courtyard of the building emphasizes on the penetrating of natural daylight into the spaces whereby the both sides roof having alittle of overhang for shading purposes. Greens, plants and trees were planted on the surrounding of the building to provide good ventilation and comfortable space. Trees planted along the road before turning into the main entrance of the building. The trees provides shades from the hot climate in Malaysia and also function in being green into the building, provides a comfortable and relaxing feeling to the user and passbyer. For good ventilation, cross ventilation and stack ventilation are being used to attract wind into the building. External Wind goes through from the windows towards the stairs forming a stack ventilation, whereby cross ventilation were form when the opposite sides of the windows are also being open, letting through the wind to goes in and out to ventilate the building spaces. 2.1 EXTERNAL FACTOR 2: ARCHITECTURE THEORY CRITICAL REGIONALISM Being a hybrid of Modernism and Regionalism, it embraces yet distances itself from both, aiming to cultivate a resistant, identity giving culture while at the same time having discreet recourse to universal technique (Frampton, 1983, p.20). Critical Regionalists are â€Å"opposed to mindlessly adopting the narcissistic dogmas in the name of universality, leading to environments that are economically costly and ecologically destructive to the human community† (Tzonis, Lefaivre 2003, p.20). Glenn Murcutt-Magney House (1984) Magney House is an example of critical regionalism. The house was constructed the regrowth of vegetation site where it is relatively wild and undeveloped. It has an external room which supports outdoor living out of wind but relatively integrated with the sun and the view. The effect of this space on the plan is liberating-This space act as a overturns of a conventional model of domestic enclosure and posits a much more redefined and spatially diverse alternative.(Metcalf,2012) An influence architecture of this building is by the critical regionalism. For the Ericsson HQ, it adapts the greenary of the site and added more greens, using light material and a more humanic scale to blend with the site and nature, with the influence of climate in providing shadings and ventilation to the building, the Magney house also uses the material on steel and glass as the light structure for the house, integrating with the tropical location. Ericsson HQ integrates with the site where the orientation of the building at the site, having an easy and obvious access towards the building. This is because the location of the building are having the free access from the main entrance of highway. People can easily have a view access to the building from the highway. Easy access from main highway to the main entrance of the building. The site are surrounded by greenery, having a beautiful scene along the road to the entrance of the building. The approach of nature towards the building focuses on the entrance, having a beautiful and grand entrance, having the water features and beautiful plants and trees to show and let people know the entrance of the building. The approach of greens into the building intergrating with the site to express the tropical location. The site are mainly surrounded by greens, therefore,to match back with the site, trees are being planted at the surrounding where it not only function as aesthetic purpose,but also intergration towards the site, act as shading from the hot climate and heavy rain, and gives a nature and tropical feels to the users. The building height also provides a humanic scale and environment landscape design to the site. The design of height of the building doesnt gives a fear and oppress feeling towards the users but a humanic scale, because of less and average height level of building. The materials used are mostly metals and glass. It brings a light feeling as the construction and material used are light, providing a permeability feeling to the users. High glass curtain wall are being used, allowing the natural daylight to penetrates in the building, protraiting a good energy efficiency. Less artificail lighting is neede to enlight the space in the building thanks to the uses of glass. The design are effective in not just providing natural daylight, but also to prevent excessive daylight into the building, overhanging roofs and also metal cladding in the facade are being widely used. The facade having metal cladding that not only gives shades to the internal spaces but also act as a aesthetic value to the facade design that suits the environment. Metal material are a good material as it is suitable to use in Malaysia, where manufacturer of metal especially aluminium are widely found in Malaysia, and is is more environmental friendly material compared to concrete o r bricks. 2.2 EXTERNAL FACTOR 3: TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIAL The material used in the building are mainly glass and metal. It shows a light and modern architecture style through the design, material and technology used. The buidling are energy effiency through the technology used in the building such as the air condition energy sources. The air-conditioning system utilizes the chilled water from the district cooling (primary circuit) and is circulated into the building (secondary circuit) through heat exchangers. The state-of-the-art air-conditioning system installed in this building incorporates the innovative concept of raised-floor technology and precision air-conditioning system. Besides that, glass material used allows penetration of daylight into the building, providing free natural daylight, reduces the uses of artificial light thus cost reduces not only in lighting cost but also in air condition(ventilation) vice. Therefore, it is a good consideration of design and strategy in designing on efficiency of the building and environmental. Framing the view of internal and external. Metal truss roof are used in the building where the lattice truss can support wide cariety of roof system due to excellent strength to weight ratio. It can weigh till span of 40m without need for intermediate support column.It allows the designers to have a greater flexibility when working to optimise internal space. Metal truss roof provides light construction, durable, long lasting, prevent pesticides, and doesnt need finishes. The structure used in the main entrance as a shading devices are known as the trees structure as the structure of support branches out just like a tree. It is also known as umbrella like structure as it opens up like a umbrella. This structure are light and also mainly use as shading devices in Malaysia along the Jalan Bukit Bintang. The advantages of using metal and glass.Metal has a high strength and weight ratio. Thus steel are very suitable for long span building, having high ductility where it has the energy absorbing capacity and will not incur on sudden failure. Whereas glass allow natural light enter the space although it is enclosed. This very reason is the idea behind applying glass materials in wall construction. The energy usage is reduced. Besides that, air conditioning system does not have to function more in order to fully cool an area because glass is a bad conductor. Choosing this two material in the design, it helps to improve not only in the energy efficiency but also environmental friendly and also gives a modern style design. 3.0 CONCLUSION As nutshell, energy efficeincy and sustainable is being practices into the design where the daylight and climate factors are being considered, whereby the influence theory are the critical architecture that integrates and blends well with the location and teh site, and also the material and technology chosen is important. These 3 external factors is what that influences the design and the end product of the building. Where, this building really integrates and though well on. Ms Serina Hijjas has implied well her knowledge on the idea of how to gain a better energy efficciency to helps and improve to provides a better products, things to the client. The thought of using the the chilled water from the district cooling and incorporates the innovative concept of raised-floor technology and precision air-conditioning system is very well thought of. It leads us the younger generation to realize her efford in bringing her practice of sustainability to her design in reality is what we should learned from her. The critical regionalism is greatly transformed and applied into her design well with the site. From this whole assignment, i felt very grateful to have meet such a great and famous architect and learned many thing from her, thorugh this analysis where different types of approach can leads to many different things in a design, where thought of the site and location is very important to blends with the building. Business Plan for Car Kursaal | Entrepreneurship Assignment Business Plan for Car Kursaal | Entrepreneurship Assignment Entrepreneurship  Assignment-Business plan Xue Dong 1.0 Executive Summary Car Kursaal is a local company that will offer auto car wash services for car owners. It will be established in the Christchurch city which will be located on the Riccarton Road and near by Puriri Street. It will has 1500 square meters large which will include two sides of wash bays and four bays will be set up on each side. High quality services will be available to offer not only for location people, but also for travelers who are visiting around the city. The amount of this investment will up to 1 million dollars including rental for place and establishment of materials. Car Kursaal will offer different types of car wash services such as self-clean services, vacuum services, shampoo services and polish services (Midtdal, K., Jelle, B. P., 2013). Customers are able to choose any type they want even though just use one step of car wash (just use water). Car Kursaal has its special characteristic for service sales that customers can choose different models of services for their car wash according to their needs. Absolutely, different types of services have different cost for diverse income of people. Some studies indicate that no one car wash service offer different models of services for car users in Christchurch. There are 300 thousand residents in Christchurch (Love, T., 2011), in addition, there has many international students, workers and visitors in Christchurch. Almost everyone has a car in their daily life. Therefore, the market of this company has highly perspective profits. 1.1 Objectives The amount of sale reach 50 thousand dollars per month. Establish one new site after 1 year running of the first car wash shop. Establish to a concatenate car washing company in Canterbury region in 5 years after the first shop open. 1.2 Mission Car Kursaal is dedicated to providing customers the whole car-care experience and focusing on the different types of services to customers to satisfy all requirements from customers. In addition, it also to providing both of owners and employees a beautiful reward. 1.3 Key to success Car Kursaal will be located on the Riccarton Road which is near to the University of Canterbury, Christchurch Boys High School, Bush Inn Centre and Westfield Riccarton Mall. Although this district has more traffic flow than other districts of the city, this car washing site will has a notable denoter in front of the shop that will be convenient to help people to see the sign. In addition, Car Kursaal will use new equipments and systems to support the services such as staple open wash bay (the overhead design with no floor steel) and Smart 360 technology (providing option for flash dry service that takes no additional time for basic dry which is performed by a rinse and dry in one operation). However, some advertisements will be set up both on daily newspaper and road advertising board. The words â€Å"The home of your cars† will be used for advertisements. 2. Company Summary Car Kursaal is a dynamic company in Christchurch and it will provide different types of car wash services which include self-clean and other auto car wash services in Christchurch city. High quality services and new equipments and systems will be provided for customers. It will has eight car-wash bays to offer vacuum services and polishing services. It will also provide some drinks and food for customers. The owner has been a CEO of a car dealer company for around ten years. During those then years, the owner was running some other business such as night club. 3. Product Description Some different types of services will be provided for customers including Self-clean Car Wash, Shampoo Wash, and Polishing Wash. Self-clean Car Wash will be the simplest service among those services but the price will be the lowest that means customers just cost 8 dollars to wash their cars, but it will limit the wash time they use. It will provide 5 minutes to use the water facilities and 10 minutes to use the cleaning facilities. The second type of car washing ways is Shampoo Wash which is much easier than the first one, the cost of this service will be 12 dollars. Another one is Polishing Wash which will include special step to polish cars. It will be the highest level of those services and the cost will be 16 dollars. On the other hand, the last two ways of auto washing services will provide another option for car drying, just need cost one more dollar to save much time for drying step using flash dry smart system which will be convenient to both of customers and shop owners. 4.1 Market Segmentation This car washing shop will be established on Riccarton district which is near to the University of Canterbury, Christchurch Boys High School, Bush Inn Centre and Westfield Riccarton Mall. There are several different kinds of customers that will be involved in, that are, university students, high school students and their parents and visiting and shopping customers. The larger groups of the prospective customers that who will do the washing services will be shopping customers and university students. The smaller one should be high school students and their parents. Another prospective group of customers will be from car rental company and car deal company. There are many companies engaged in the hire of cars, car tental is generally for a period of days, and the customer has to fulfill certain formalities and sign forms (Hirshberg, I., 1994). They must keep those cars clean before they return them. 4.2 Target Market Segment Strategy Due to the location of this shop, three different markets will be considered by us. The first one is shopping and visiting customers who are shopping in the two malls which is described above. This market will be the most important one because they have finance capability to cost some money to wash their cars when they after their shopping. The second market will be the students from Canterbury University. This group has the largest proportion of all customers because the university has more than 20,000 students which include both of domestic students and international students and most of them may have some savings from part-time jobs or other ways which means they will have some finance support to do car maintain services which include car washing services, but they may not have enough finance to support their extra car expenses compare to shopping and visiting customers. The last market should be high school students and their parents. However, not many high school students have t heir own cars but the prospective customers should be their parents because they have more chances to go car washing shop when they meet their children in high school. For the customers of car rental company, because of the rules which is from car rental company that customers must keep the car clean, those customers have more chances to go a car washing shop to clean their rent cars. 4.3 Market needs The advantages of this business that others does not have are we have different types of car wash ways to offer different types of customers that means they can choose different levels of cost to finish car wash. It will be much convenient to the customers that they can spent less money if they are not in good finance conditions but they want to have this service. As we known, almost all auto car washing sites in Christchurch do not have variable choices for customers and the price are not flexible. That is the reason that Car Kursaal will have the most chances to get the prospective customers if we can offer them different prices because Car Kursaal will offer much cheaper prices for different washing ways. 5.0 Strategy and implementation summary Firstly, the investment will be recorded by management group. The money which is invested will be divided by three, the first part will be used for rental places and decoration, the second part will be used for buy some equipments and system installation, the last part will be used for labor spending. Budgets will be built before the shop establishment and we will prepare additional 10% extra budgets of all the cost in case some emergency during the establishment. Management team also will supervise the whole business when it is running (Yusuf, Y., Gunasekaran, A., Abthorpe, M. S., 2004). Three teams will charge different part of business operation. One is about daily operation, one for equipments maintain and one for finance supervision. Each group will has one team leader and several staff to charge different things and the team leader will in charge of their team and play a role to communicate the manger and other team leaders. One week team meeting will be hold by team leader an d one month management meeting will be hold by manger to track the establishment process. 5.1 Competitive Edge Some petrol station are the competitors such as BP, Mobile because they also offer auto car wash services for customers and they have opened for a long time that some customers are used to go there to wash their cars. Therefore, the price and the special services will be our unique characteristic which is distinctive from other car washing places. Another unique competitive edge is we also offer pick up and drop off service. We will use a systems for communicating information for both of customers and the shop. This system can provid a confirmation or temporary receipt for customers and also can memory for reference when the customer come to pick up (Danel, A. R., Lohrey, D. W., 1989). The most problem should be how to make a reputation. 5.2 Sales strategy A strong advertisement will be used at firstly stage of running this business such as TV advertisement, newspaper and other ways to let customers know what kind of services we can offer them and what are the advantages we have and how much money they will save if they choose go to our place. Also, we will make a cooperation with AA company to give some discount for AA members and to promote our reputation. For people who are not AA member, we will give another discount that provide 5% off per liter after they done 5 times of car wash services. Also, we will offer customers some long-term contracts that is more convenient for both of the company and customers. 6.0 Management summary Refer to 5.0, we can see three different team will in charge different kinds of works. Therefore, team leader of the groups will be the important role for the business. Each team leader will be selected by their working experience, education background. They should have at least college certificate and at least 3 years related working experience. Every prospective employee should submit their CV and give a oral representation for their working experience which include customer service skill, communication skill. Team leader will be paid for average salary plus some achievement awards each month that will depends on the amount of sales. 7.1 Projected profit and loss Thousands of cars are running through Riccarton Road. If 10% of those cars choose our car washing shop to do washing services, the profits will be approximate on 40 thousand to 50 thousand dollars per month. Equipments loss will be the most important one. Also, some long-term staff quit will be another loss for the business. 7.2 Projected cash flow 8.0 Conclusion Car Kursaal will be a modern company to provide modern ways of car wash services to people who are living in Christchurch and who are visiting and studying in Christchurch. 1 million New Zealand dollars will be invested in this project. This shop will take up 1500 square meters and will be located on the Riccarton Road of Christchurch City. This location is near by some education places and shopping malls which is convenient to customers who are living there and going there for shopping. New equipments and new technology will be used in this project. Some excellent people will participate in this management team. Some advertising and promotion will be used for boost this company reputation and the advantages of this company should be the cheaper price and diverse types of washing services. This business will have a brilliant profits in the future. References Danel, A. R., Lohrey, D. W. (1989).U.S. Patent No. 4,803,348. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hirshberg, I. (1994).U.S. Patent No. 5,289,369. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Love, T. (2011). Population movement after natural disasters: a literature review and assessment of Christchurch data.Sapere Research Group. Midtdal, K., Jelle, B. P. (2013). Self-cleaning glazing products: A state-of-the-art review and future research pathways.Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,109, 126-141. Yusuf, Y., Gunasekaran, A., Abthorpe, M. S. (2004). Enterprise information systems project implementation:: A case study of ERP in Rolls-Royce.International Journal of Production Economics,87(3), 251-266.

Mental Health Professionals Risk Assessment Health And Social Care Essay

Mental Health Professionals Risk Assessment Health And Social Care Essay This assessment item requires students to compare and contrast traditional risk assessment approaches that offer static predictions of risk versus risk assessment approaches that offer dynamic holistic predictions of risk. Students are expected to research theoretical and empirical literature. This assignment emphasizes academic writing skills. Since the 1980s there has been increased pressure on mental health professionals to improve their ability to predict and better manage the level of risk associated with forensic mental health patients, and offenders being dealt with in the justice system (Holloway, 2004). This increased pressure has also increased interest within a wider spectrum of researchers and forensic clinicians working within the justice system to improve the accuracy and reliability of their analysis of whether recidivism is a high possibility. The overall value of this research is that it enable the improvement in the assessment, supervision, planning and management of offenders, in conjunction with a more reliable base line for follow up evaluations (Beech et al., 2003). However there continues to be an increasing interest and expectation on professionals from the public and the criminal justice system in regards to the potential danger posed by serious offenders being released back into the community and the need for the offenders to be better managed, in order to adequately protect the public from dangerous individuals (Doyle et el, 2002). As the assessment of risk is made at various stages in the management process of the violent offender it is extremely important that mental health professionals have a structured and consistent approach to risk assessment and evaluation of violence. (Doyle et el, 2002). This paper will examine three models of risk assessment that are used currently in an attempt to reduce potential danger to others when integrating violent offenders back into the community. These three approaches are unstructured clinical judgement, structured clinical judgement and actuarial assessment. It is not intended in this paper to explore the various instruments used in the assessment process for the respective actuarial and structured clinical approaches. Unstructured Clinical Judgement Unstructured clinical judgement is a process involving no specific guidelines but relies on the individual clinicians evaluation having regard to the clinicians experience and qualifications (Douglas et al, 2002). Doyle et el(2002, p650) refers to clinical judgement as first generation, and sees clinical judgement as allowing the clinician complete discretion in relation to what information the clinician will or will not take notice of in their final determination of risk level. The unstructured clinical interview has been widely criticised because it is seen as inconsistent and inherently lacks structure and a uniform approach that does not allow for test, retest reliability over time and between clinicians (Lamont et al, 2009). It has been argued that this inconsistency in assessment can lead to incorrect assessment of offenders, as either high or low risk due to the subjective opinion inherent in the unstructured clinical assessment approach (Prentky et al, 2000). Even with these limitations discussed above the unstructured clinical interview is still likely to be the most widely used approach in relation to the offenders violence risk assessment (Kropp, 2008). Kropp (2008) postulates that the continued use of the unstructured clinical interview is that it allows for idiographic analysis of the offenders behaviour (Kropp, 2008, p205). Doyle et al (2002) postulates, that past clinical studies have shown that clinicians using the risk analysis method of unstructured interview, is not as inaccurate as generally believed. Perhaps this is due largely to the level of experience and clinical qualifications of those conducting the assessment. The unstructured clinical assessment method relies heavily on verbal and non verbal cues and this has the potential of influencing individual clinicians assessment of risk, and thus in turn has a high probability of over reliance in the assessment on the exhibited cues (Lamont et al, 2009). A major flaw with the unstructured clinical interview is the apparent lack of structured standardized methodology being used to enable a test retest reliability measure previously mentioned. However the lack of consistency in the assessment approach is a major disadvantage in the use of the unstructured clinical interview. The need for a more structured process allowing for predictable test retest reliability would appear to be a necessary component of any risk assessment in relation to violence. Actuarial Assessment Actuarial assessment was developed as a way to assess various risk factors that would improve on the probability of an offenders recidivism. However Douglas et al (2002, p 625) cautions that the Actuarial approach is not conducive to violence prevention. The Actuarial approach relies heavily on standardized instruments to assist the clinician in predicting violence, and the majority of these instruments have been developed to predict future probability of violence amongst offenders who have a past history of mental illness and or criminal offending behaviours. (Grant et al, 2004) The use of actuarial assessment has increased in recent years as risk assessment due to the fact that more non clinicians are tasked with the responsibility of management of violent offenders such as community corrections, correctional officers and probation officers. Actuarial risk assessment methods enable staff that do not have the experience, background or necessary clinical qualifications to conduct a standardised clinical assessment of offender risk. This actuarial assessment method has been found to be extremely helpful when having to risk assess offenders with mental health, substance abuse and violent offenders. (Byrne et al, 2006). However Actuarial assessments have limitations in the inability of the instruments to provide any information in relation to the management of the offender, and strategies to prevent violence (Lamont et al, 2009). Whilst such instruments may provide transferable test retest reliability there is a need for caution when the instruments are used wit hin differing samples of the test population that were used as the validation sample in developing the test (Lamont et al, 2009). Inexperienced and untrained staff may not be aware of the limitations of the test instruments they are using. The majority of actuarial tools were validated in North America (Maden, 2003). This has significant implications when actuarial instruments are used in the Australian context, especially when indigenous cultural complexities are not taken into account. Doyle et al (2002) postulates that the actuarial approach is focused on prediction and that risk assessment in mental health has a much broader function and has to be link closely with management and prevention (Doyle et al, 2002, p 652). Actuarial instruments rely on measures of static risk factors e.g. history of violence, gender, psychopathy and recorded social variables. Therefore static risk factors are taken as remaining constant. Hanson et al (2000) argues that where the results of unstructur ed clinical opinion are open to questions, the empirically based risk assessment method can significantly predict the risk of re offending. To rely totally on static factors that are measured in Actuarial instruments and not incorporate dynamic risk factors has lead to what Doyle et al (2002) has referred to as Third Generation, or as more commonly acknowledged as structured professional judgement. Structured Professional Judgment Progression toward a structured professional model would appear to have followed a process of evolution since the 1990s. This progression has developed through acceptance of the complexity of what risk assessment entails, and the pressures of the courts and public in developing an expectation of increased predictive accuracy (Borum, 1996). Structured professional judgement therefore brings together empirically validated risk factors, professional experience and contemporary knowledge of the patient (Lamont et al, 2009, p27). Structured professional judgement approach requires a broad assessment criteria covering both static and dynamic factors and attempts to bridge the gap between the other approaches of unstructured clinical judgement and actuarial approach (Kropp, 2008). The incorporation of dynamic risk factors that is to say taking account of variable factors such as current emotional level (anger, depression, stress), social supports or lack of and willingness to participate in the treatment rehabilitation process. The structured professional approach incorporates dynamic factors which have been found to be also significant in analysing risk of violence (Mandeville-Nordon, 2006). Campbell et al (2009) postulates that instruments that examine dynamic risk factors are more sensitive to recent changes that may influence an increase or decrease in risk potential. Kropp (2008) reports that research has found that Structured Professional Judgement measures also correlate substantially with actuarial measures. Conclusion Kroop (2008) postulates that either a structured professional judgement approach or an actuarial approach presents the most viable options for risk assessment of violence. The unstructured clinical approach has been widely criticised by researchers for lacking reliability, validity and accountability (Douglas et al, 2002). Kroop (2008) also cautions that risk assessment requires the assessor to have an appropriate level of specialized knowledge and experience. This experience should be not only of offenders but also with victims. There would appear to be a valid argument that unless there is consistency in training of those conducting risk assessments the validity and reliability of any measure either actuarial or structured professional judgement will fail to give the level of predictability of violence that is sought. Risk analysis of violence will always be burdened by the limitation which lies in the fact that exact analyses are not possible, and risk will never be completely era dicated (Lamont et al, 2009, p 31.). Doyle et al (2002) postulates that a combination of structured clinical and actuarial approaches is warranted to assist in risk assessment of violence. Further research appears to be warranted to improve the methodology of risk management and increase the effectiveness of risk management. References Beech, A.R., Fisher D., Thornton D, 2003. Risk Assessment of sex offender. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 34: 339-352. Borum, R. (1996). Improving the clinical practice of violence risk assessment. American Psychologist, Vol 51, No 9, 945-956. Byrne, J.M., Pattaviana, A. 2006. Assessing the role of Clinical and Actuarial Risk Assessment in an Evidence-Based Community Corrections System: Issues to Consider. Journal of Federal Probation, Vol 70, No 2 p64-66. Douglas, K.S., Kropp, P.R., 2002, A prevention-based paradigm for violence risk assessment: Clinical and Research Applications. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, Vol. 29, 5, 617-658. Doyle, M., Dolan, M. 2002. Violence risk assessment: combining actuarial and clinical information to structure clinical judgements for the formulating and management of risk. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 9: 649-657. Grant, T.H., Rice, M.E., Camilleri, J.A., 2004. Applying a Forensic Actuarial Assessment (the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide) to Nonforensic Patients. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol 19, p 1063-1064. Hanson, R. Karl, Thornton, David, 2000. Improving Risk Assessments for Sex Offenders: A Comparison of Three Actuarial Scales. Law and Human Behaviour, Vol 24, No 1. Holloway, F. 2004. Risk: More questions than answers. Invited comment on Psychodynamic methods in risk assessment and management. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10: 273-274. Kropp, P.R., 2008, Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment and Management. Violence and Victims, Vol 23, No 2. Lamont, S., Brunero, S.,2009. Risk analysis: An integrated approach to the assessment management of aggression violence in mental health. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care, Vol.5, 25-32. Maden, A., 2003. Standardised risk assessment: Why all the fuss? Psychiatric Bulletin, Vol 27: 201-204. Mandeville-Norden, R., 2006. Risk Assessment of Sex Offenders: The Current Position in the UK. Child Abuse Review, Vol 15, 257-272. Prentky, R.A., Burgess, A.W., 2000. Forensic Management of Sexual Offenders. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press: London. Introduction Since the 1980s there  has been increased  pressure on mental health professionals to improve their ability to  predict  and better manage the level of risk associated with forensic mental health patients, and offenders  being dealt  with in the justice system (Holloway, 2004).  This increased  pressure  has also increased interest within a wider range of researchers and forensic clinicians,  working in the justice system to improve the accuracy and reliability of their analysis of whether recidivism is a strong possibility.  The overall value of this research is that it allows the improvement in the assessment, supervision, planning and management of offenders, in conjunction with a more reliable base line for follow up evaluations (Beech et al., 2003). However, there continues to be an increasing  interest  and  expectation  on professionals from the public and the criminal justice system in regards to the potential  danger  posed by  serious  offenders  being released  back into the community and the need for the offenders to be better managed, in order  to adequately protect  the public from dangerous individuals (Doyle et el, 2002). As the assessment of risk  is made  at various stages in the management process of the violent offender,  it is  extremely  crucial that mental health professionals have a structured and consistent approach to risk assessment and evaluation of violence. (Doyle et el, 2002). This paper will examine three models of risk assessment that  are used  currentlyto  reduce  potential danger to others when integrating violent offenders back into the community.  These three approaches are unstructured clinical judgement, structured clinical  judgement  and actuarial  assessment. It is not intended, in this paper, to explore the various instruments used in the assessment process for the  respective  actuarial and structured clinical approaches. Unstructured Clinical Judgement Unstructured clinical judgement is a process involving no specific guidelines,  but relies on the individual clinicians  evaluation  having regard to the clinicians experience and qualifications (Douglas et al, 2002).  Doyle et el(2002, p650) refers to  clinical  judgement as first generation, and sees clinical judgement as allowing the clinician  complete  discretion in relation to what information the clinician will or will not take notice of in their final determination of risk level. The unstructured clinical  interview  has been widely criticised because it  is seen  as inconsistent and inherently lacks structure and a  uniform  approach  that does not allow for  test, retest reliability over time and between clinicians (Lamont et al, 2009). It  has been argued  that this inconsistency in  assessment  can lead to  incorrect  assessment of offenders, as either high or low risk due to the subjective opinion inherent in the unstructured c linical assessment  approach  (Prentky et al, 2000). Even with these limitations discussed above the unstructured clinical  interview  is still likely to be the most widely used  approach  in relation to the offenders violence risk assessment (Kropp, 2008). Kropp (2008), postulates that the continued use of the unstructured clinical  interview  allows for idiographic analysis of the offenders  behaviour (Kropp, 2008, p205).  Doyle et al (2002) postulates, that  clinical studies have shown,  that clinicians using the risk analysis  method  of unstructured interview, is not as  inaccurate  as  generally  believed.  Perhaps this is due, largely to the level of experience and  clinical  qualifications of those conducting the assessment. The unstructured clinical  assessment  method  relies heavily on verbal and non verbal cues and this has the potential of influencing individual clinicians assessment of risk, and thus in turn has a high probability of over reliance in the assessment on the exhibited cues (Lamont et al, 2009).  A major flaw with the unstructured clinical  interview,  is the apparent lack of structured standardized methodology  being used  to  enable  a  test  retest relia bility  measure  previously mentioned.  However, the lack of consistency in the assessment approach is a  substantial  disadvantage in the use of the unstructured clinical interview.   The need for a more structured  process  allowing for  predictable  test retest reliability would  appear  to be a  necessary  component of any risk assessment in relation to violence. Actuarial Assessment Actuarial  assessment  was developed  to  assess  various risk factors that would improve on the probability of an offenders recidivism. However, Douglas et al (2002, p 625) cautions that the Actuarial  approach  is not conducive to violence prevention. The Actuarial approach relies heavily on standardized instruments to assist the clinician in predicting violence, and the majority of these instruments  has  been developed  to predict future  probability  of violence amongst offenders who have a history of mental illness and or criminal offending behaviours. (Grant et al, 2004) The use of actuarial  assessment  has increased in recent years as risk assessment due to the fact that more non clinicians  are tasked  with the responsibility of management of violent offenders such as community corrections, correctional officers and probation officers.  Actuarial risk assessment methods enable staff that do not have the experience,  background  or necessary  clinical  qualifications to  conduct  a standardised clinical  assessment  of offender risk. This actuarial  assessment  method  has been found  to be extremely  helpful  when having risk assessing offenders with mental health, substance abuse and violent offenders. (Byrne et al, 2006). However, Actuarial assessments have limitations in the inability of the instruments to provide any information in relation to the management of the offender, and strategies to prevent violence (Lamont et al, 2009).  Whilst such instruments may provide transferable  test  retest reliab ility, there is a need for caution when the instruments  are used  within differing samples of the  test  population that  were used  as the validation  sample  in developing the  test  (Lamont et al, 2009).  Inexperienced and  untrained  staff  may not be aware of the limitations of the  test  instruments they are using. The majority of actuarial tools  were validated  in North America (Maden, 2003). This has  significant  implications when actuarial instruments  are used  in the Australian context, especially when indigenous cultural complexities are not taken into account. Doyle et al (2002) postulates that the actuarial  approach  are  focused  on prediction and that risk assessment in mental health has a much broader  function  and has to be  link  closely with management and prevention (Doyle et al, 2002, p 652). Actuarial instruments rely on measures of static risk factors e.g. history of violence, gender, psychopath y and recorded social variables.  Therefore, static risk factors  are taken  as remaining constant.  Hanson et al (2000) argues that where the results of unstructured  clinical  opinion  are  open  to questions, the empirically based risk assessment  method  can significantly predict the risk of re offending. To rely  totally  on  static  factors that  are measured  in Actuarial instruments,  and not incorporate dynamic risk factors has  lead  to what Doyle et al (2002) has referred to as, Third Generation, or as more commonly acknowledged as structured professional judgement. Structured Professional Judgment Progression toward a structured professional  model  would  appear  to have followed a process of evolution since the 1990s.  This  progression  has developed through  acceptance  of the complexity of what risk assessment entails, and the pressures of the courts and  public  in developing an expectation of increased predictive accuracy (Borum, 1996).  Structured professional judgement  Ã‚  brings together empirically validated risk factors, professional experience and contemporary knowledge of the patient (Lamont et al, 2009, p27).  Structured professional judgement approach requires a  broad  assessment  criteria covering both static and dynamic factors, and attempts to bridge the gap between the other approaches of unstructured clinical judgement and actuarial  approach  (Kropp, 2008).  The incorporation of dynamic risk factors that are  taking account of variable factors such as current emotional  level  (anger, depression, stress), so cial supports or lack of and willingness to participate in the treatment rehabilitation process.  The structured professional approach incorporates  dynamic  factors, which  have been found, to be also crucial in analysing  risk  of violence (Mandeville-Nordon, 2006).  Campbell et al (2009) postulates that instruments that  examine  dynamic risk factors are more  sensitive  to  recent  changes that may  influence  an increase or decrease in risk potential. Kropp (2008) reports that research has found that Structured Professional Judgement measures also  correlate  substantially  with actuarial measures. Conclusion Kroop (2008) postulates that either a structured professional judgement approach, or an actuarial approach presents the most viable options for risk assessment of violence.  The unstructured  clinical  approach  has been widely criticised by researchers for lacking reliability, validity and accountability (Douglas et al, 2002). Kroop (2008) also cautions that risk assessment requires the assessor to have an appropriate level of specialized knowledge and experience. This experience should be not only of offenders but also with victims.  There would  appear  to be a valid argument that unless there is consistency in  training  of those conducting risk assessments the validity and reliability of any  measure  either actuarial or structured professional judgement will fail to  give  the  level  of predictability of violence that  is sought.  Risk analysis of violence will always be burdened by the  limitation  which lies in the fact that  exact   analyses are not  possible, and  risk  will never be totally eradicated (Lamont et al, 2009, p 31.). Doyle et al (2002) postulates that a combination of structured clinical and actuarial approaches  is warranted  to assist in risk assessment of violence. Further research appears to be warranted to improve the methodology of risk management and increase the effectiveness of risk management.

What Were The Causes Of The Russian Revolution Essay -- essays researc

Before the war. Before the war, there were lots of problems which led up to the revolution and we call them the long term causes. The peasants working and living conditions were very bad but the government made it even worse by its own policies. Russia needed to develop its industries, so that it was a modern agricultural country instead of a backward one and also to remain in an important military power. To aid this dilemma the government invested in enormous amounts of money in improving Russia’s industries. Where did most of this money come from? From the pockets of the people in Russia! To do this, the peasants had to pay huge taxes not only on grain but on nearly all everyday items such as alcohol and salt! Nevertheless, the workers’ wages still stayed very low and did not increase much at all as the government wanted to squeeze the people for every penny they could get to put into industrial development. Soon later, all seemed well, iron and steel industries grew rapidly but then thousands of workers lost their jobs. This was a cause for strikes and rebellions against managers and the government. Also, things were not going very well in the country side. As if being taxed for all you were worth wasn’t enough, there were very bad harvests for a couple of years so now they were starving as well! To return the favour, the peasants became violent and started to burn landlords’ houses. Then the Tzar went to war with Japan which he thought would make the public believe in the government again. However, it backfired on him and caused all the same problems again but by a greater degree. That really infuriated the people! Leading up to the war the peasants and workers still had: *Inadequate clothing *Insufficient and unhealthy food *Long, hard hours at work *Inadequate housing/shelter *Self-made entertainment *Impoverished standard of life *Very low quality of life *Age of death-early 20's-30's. These were the huge differences in the quality of life between the rich and the poor as the rich had: *More than adequate clothing *More than adequate food *Lived on rising and unearned income *Entertainment was provided for them *Excellent standard of life *More than excellent quality of life *Age of death-late 50's, 60's and above In these years leading up to the... ...t. On the 12 March, soldiers refused to fire on crowds, some regiments shot their officers and joined in the demonstrations. They had had enough of the war and the way they were being treated! The soldiers joined the strikers and the women in the streets marched to the Duma to demand that they take control of the government. I think that this was a major turning point. In my opinion it would have taken a much longer time to overthrow the government without the soldiers joining in!! Conclusions. In my opinion, most of the above issues are long term causes, the short term ones were about the lack of equipment and hospital facilities, the incompetence of the officers, inadequate armour, weapons .etc., the massive loss of life and the 25% desertions!! In my opinion, it was not the Tzar’s fault intentionally to be a bad leader. It was his predecessors who did not train him properly. If they had really cared about what was to happen after they had died they would have done something about bringing up proper leaders. I think that they were very careless about choosing leaders but I also feel very sorry for the Tzar, it was NOT his fault!! What Were The Causes Of The Russian Revolution Essay -- essays researc Before the war. Before the war, there were lots of problems which led up to the revolution and we call them the long term causes. The peasants working and living conditions were very bad but the government made it even worse by its own policies. Russia needed to develop its industries, so that it was a modern agricultural country instead of a backward one and also to remain in an important military power. To aid this dilemma the government invested in enormous amounts of money in improving Russia’s industries. Where did most of this money come from? From the pockets of the people in Russia! To do this, the peasants had to pay huge taxes not only on grain but on nearly all everyday items such as alcohol and salt! Nevertheless, the workers’ wages still stayed very low and did not increase much at all as the government wanted to squeeze the people for every penny they could get to put into industrial development. Soon later, all seemed well, iron and steel industries grew rapidly but then thousands of workers lost their jobs. This was a cause for strikes and rebellions against managers and the government. Also, things were not going very well in the country side. As if being taxed for all you were worth wasn’t enough, there were very bad harvests for a couple of years so now they were starving as well! To return the favour, the peasants became violent and started to burn landlords’ houses. Then the Tzar went to war with Japan which he thought would make the public believe in the government again. However, it backfired on him and caused all the same problems again but by a greater degree. That really infuriated the people! Leading up to the war the peasants and workers still had: *Inadequate clothing *Insufficient and unhealthy food *Long, hard hours at work *Inadequate housing/shelter *Self-made entertainment *Impoverished standard of life *Very low quality of life *Age of death-early 20's-30's. These were the huge differences in the quality of life between the rich and the poor as the rich had: *More than adequate clothing *More than adequate food *Lived on rising and unearned income *Entertainment was provided for them *Excellent standard of life *More than excellent quality of life *Age of death-late 50's, 60's and above In these years leading up to the... ...t. On the 12 March, soldiers refused to fire on crowds, some regiments shot their officers and joined in the demonstrations. They had had enough of the war and the way they were being treated! The soldiers joined the strikers and the women in the streets marched to the Duma to demand that they take control of the government. I think that this was a major turning point. In my opinion it would have taken a much longer time to overthrow the government without the soldiers joining in!! Conclusions. In my opinion, most of the above issues are long term causes, the short term ones were about the lack of equipment and hospital facilities, the incompetence of the officers, inadequate armour, weapons .etc., the massive loss of life and the 25% desertions!! In my opinion, it was not the Tzar’s fault intentionally to be a bad leader. It was his predecessors who did not train him properly. If they had really cared about what was to happen after they had died they would have done something about bringing up proper leaders. I think that they were very careless about choosing leaders but I also feel very sorry for the Tzar, it was NOT his fault!!

Homophobia in Law Enforcement: Lethal Consequences :: Free Essays Online

Homophobia in Law Enforcement: Lethal Consequences The constitution guarantees life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness to all Americans, yet there is a group who endures a life without total liberty, restrictions on their choice of lifestyle and happiness, and unfair treatment which may even result in the untimely loss of their lives. This group of people currently facing discrimination and mistreatment is the gay and lesbian community of Washington D.C., and the perpetrators are the very people whose jobs are to ensure their safety. The law enforcement is not entirely protecting gays and lesbians in D.C., nor are they ensuring that they have basic human rights. The effects of discrimination or even just insensitivity in the police department can have catastrophic negative effects on the victims, the gay and lesbian community, and the city of D.C. as a whole. When people of certain minorities are not treated equally by the law, something must be done to improve this dangerous situation. In Washington DC on July 9th, 2001, an openly gay man, Alexander Gray, fell victim to two separate hate crimes. The first happened when several men made derogatory remarks about Gray’s sexual orientation, and then attacked and beat him with a shovel and a tire iron (Wilchins). Gray, both mentally and physically wounded, was then escorted home because he refused to go to the hospital for treatment of his injuries. The police drove him to his apartment, and friends say Gray was handcuffed in the backseat of the police car when he arrived (Fahrenthold â€Å"Gay Activists†). Alexander Gray was a victim of a brutal and traumatizing crime, yet the police treated him as if he were the criminal, by handcuffing him in the back of the car. The D.C. police officers responding to this hate crime were not able to treat the victim with gentleness and sensitivity he severely needed at such a time, but instead they treated him as a threat. Throughout its history, the Washington, D.C. police department has had troubles dealing with the gay and lesbian community. There has been much bigotry and discrimination in the way some officers handled matters concerning those who are homosexual. During the 1980’s many police officers held the stereotype that all people who were homosexual had AIDS, and some occasionally wore rubber gloves when they knew they would be dealing with gay individuals (Fahrenthold â€Å"Blue and Gay†).

Eulogy for Mother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Mother The desert sands have seen grand dames but the grandest they ever did see was your friend, my mother, a soul like no other, the beautiful Marti B. We are gathered together to pay our respects and to bid her fond adieu. Though a eulogy cannot do justice to the woman we all knew The lessons I learned when I was young are things I don't recall, But Mom, I know, was always there in the center of it all. She instilled in me the "little" things on which my life is built: Courage, compassion, laughter and drive, with a sprinkling of guilt. She taught me how to tie my shoes and taught me to stand tall She taught me that to really live means giving it your all She kept me sharp and on my toes; she pushed me to excel And gave to me a love of words, as if you couldn't tell She gave us all security, by always being there. She didn't always agree with you but you could feel her care She gave us all sincerity and our sense of wrong from right Yet she would stay up worrying if we were late at night. She was the keeper of the clan, and could tell a picture's story. You know that she was proud of us, and reveled in our glory. She had a way of reaching out that kept us all in touch She helped enriched so many lives, we'll miss her oh so much. So boundless was her selfless love and gigantic was her heart, Her daughter's class all called her Mom and boy she fit the part. She had a way of making friends no matter where she'd go In a checkout line, or a round of golf -- more friends she 'd get to know She usually made such an impression at any type of party. Our high school friends would drop on by, to visit just with Marti. She held her own out on the floor; she loved to cut a rug. And treated everyone as friends, and each one got a hug. President of the Ladies Club, she made friends and got things done. Always working at her game, even after her hole in one. With her flair, her smile, her caring eyes, there should be no doubt. That like a bundle of energy, giving 's what she was about She really loved to play group games, even if she'd often loose She was always ready to play again, any game that you might choose