smoking and advertising Essays (355 words) - Kids, Amateur Sports

High School Sports Do Students Who Play Sports In School Tend To Be More Successful In The Future? High school is a time for young adults to try and find themselves. Some students decide to be the nerds, or join certain clubs but many students venture into the world of sports. I believe that students who play sports are more likely to stay off the streets and not partake in activities that deal with alcohol and drugs. In today's society more and more kids find themselves on streets drinking and doing drugs. I feel that young adults who partake in sports are more likely to stay in school and get an education. Sports give students an opportunity to find themselves. One reason why kids should be involved in sports is that it allows the children to stay of trouble. The schools have a strict policy regarding grades for those who play sports. Sports give the children to have an education because the children have to do well in school to get the opportunity to play a sportthey love very much. These policies, though many kids do not like them very much, keeps kids off of the streets and in the classroom. Sports not only give an incentive to going to classes and school but also doing well in school. Not only do sports academically help young adults today but also society puts great pressures on kids about how they look with great emphasis on their weight. The sports programs in school provides a g reat opportunity to stay healthy and in shape. As well as health issues sports also improve your self-esteem. It is hard to accomplish anything if children do not think they have it in them. In result through sports not only do become physically fit but children also feel good about themselves as a person. Another reason sports are important is that sports provide an easier way of making friends. For many making friends is a hard thing to do, but through sports children do not really have a choice but to get to know their teammates. With these friendships, children are able...

Terms for the Seasons of the Year

Terms for the Seasons of the Year Terms for the Seasons of the Year Terms for the Seasons of the Year By Mark Nichol Words for the seasons and related terms often have both literal and figurative connotations. Here are the words and their various senses. Spring (from the Old English word springan, akin to the same word in Old High German, which means â€Å"to jump†) has a sense of freshness and growth. The word is sometimes used to refer to a sociopolitical movement for greater freedom and tolerance, as in phrases like â€Å"Prague Spring† and, more recently, â€Å"Arab Spring.† Spring itself, in these senses, has no direct adjectival form besides springlike; springy refers to the word’s sense of movement. However, vernal (from the Latin word ver, meaning â€Å"spring†) is suitable for references to anything pertaining to the spring, or anything fresh, new, or youthful. In a practical sense, it often refers to phenomena unique to springtime, such as a vernal pool, a body of water that dries up as summer encroaches on spring. Summer (from the Old English word somer) has associations with thriving and mature growth, and it is also a poetic synonym for years in references to one’s age (for example, â€Å"in my tenth summer,† â€Å"a boy of fifteen summers†). Summery is a prosaic descriptor term describing qualities associated with summer. Estival (from Latin aestivus, meaning â€Å"of summer†) also means â€Å"pertaining to summer†; estivation is the summertime equivalent of hibernation, or sojourning at one location all summer. Autumn (ultimately from the Latin word autumnus), interchangeable in literal meaning with fall, has a figurative sense pertaining to full maturity or the onset of decline, as does the adjective autumnal. Winter has associations with decay and inactivity, and wintry, besides its literal sense, refers to being weathered as a result of winter weather or as if by such conditions, or to being aged; it also suggests a cold attitude or response. Solstice (ultimately from the Latin word solstitium, meaning, literally â€Å"sun standing†) and equinox (from the Latin term aequinoctium, a combination of the terms for â€Å"equal† and â€Å"night†) refer to the times of the year when, respectively, daylight is shortest and day and night are of equal length. The adjective equinoctial (or equinoctal) refers literally to the first day of spring and fall and has no established figurative meaning. (The first variant is also used as a noun synonymous with equator or referring to a storm during the equinoctial period.) There is no adjectival form of solstice, which corresponds to the onset of summer and winter. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowUsing the Active Voice to Strengthen Your Writing10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Anaheim CAFR Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Anaheim CAFR - Coursework Example Government activities and business type activities have been reported on different columns so as to bring out the net statement. They include housing authority, Total Governmental funds, and Non-major Governmental Funds. For the major governmental funds, Transient occupancy tax is the ultimate source of funds for the Major governmental organization (Moreno, 2012). In general governmental funds, intergovernmental revenues are the key source of funds. Expenditure In the statement, Expenditure, has also been classified in a system that segments the section into three. They include housing authority, Total Governmental funds, and Non-major Governmental Funds. The largest categories of general funds entail police, fire, and then public work. There is no financial source that has been recorded in a separate section of the Expenditure, and Change in Fund Balance for Governmental fund. Capital project funds have been tasked with the obligation of community development and dept services, and interest charges. Capital project funds are sometimes regarded to as funds budget. They bring a profound understanding of the dept funds and use of money that makes up the state’s legal entity. It is the predominant figure in the annual budget analysis and enactment from the focus of the capital project funds. Leasing of funds or capital is considered to be done under a legal government so as it enhance trust and loss of capital. The dept service function is the ratio of total or average debt to total assets available, expressed in percentage, and it can be interpreted as the company proportion of an asset that are outlined and financed by debt. All dept service fund and non-major financial funds are the service funds. Management entails covering up for the financial risks that might be encountered, and formulating the most effective way of

Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide - Essay Example As of 31st December 2007, Starwood group’s portfolio included a total of 897 Hotels with 275,000 rooms across 100 countries that primarily cater to the upscale markets of the lodging industry. The company employs about 145,000 people and has its headquarters in White Plains, New York (Starwood, 2008). It is clear that the level of competition in the hotel and lodging sector is very high. Hence it is essential that Starwood has to undertake immediate efforts to improve its services and market share in order to survive in this competitive environment. This consultancy report will analyze the company’s current situation and aim at improving the organization on the whole. This method is based on the product life cycle theory. This provides a means to correctly give importance to the product portfolio of a business unit. It is essential that companies have a combination of both high growth products as well as low growth products. The diagram below explains the BCG Matrix. Stars refer to businesses use huge amounts of cash and also generate large amounts of monies as well. Here the company has a high growth as well as high market share. These generally include businesses that have a large market share in a fast-growing industry. These businesses do generate cash, however, this is very limited as all of it is required to be used to keep in sync with the rapid growth. Businesses that are successful in this area mature to become ‘cash cows’, as the industry matures. Cash Cows, this is where the investments are low and the growth is also low, however, the profits and cash generation should be high. Businesses with a large market in a slow-growing industry fall into this category. The investments are low for these kinds of business units however these generate cash that can be used as investments in other business units.

Mandatory Nurse-Patient ratios in Pennsylvania Essay

Mandatory Nurse-Patient ratios in Pennsylvania - Essay Example One-half of the nurse staffing committee members should be registered nurses currently delivering direct patient care and the rest of the members may be determined by the hospital administration (ARON, 2013). The committee is authorized by the house bill to consider matters such as competencies of the nurses and patients’ acuity. In addition to nurse-patient ratios, this bill also addresses several other concerns including intensity of care, staff skills mix, availability of support staff in the shift, and the physical environment. Michael and Page (2010) state that nurse staff shortage or understaffing has been a major issue leading to medical negligence, clinical errors, and poor quality healthcare (p.102). To illustrate, a study published in 2002 found that surgery patients in hospitals with high nurse-patient ratios are at 31% increased risk of mortality. Similarly, a report released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality indicated that improvement in nurse-patient ratios can decrease rescue failures and hospital stays. A research work published in the American Journal of Public Health in 2005 (as cited in Conis, 2009) suggested that an improved nurse-patient ratio of 1:4 could save up to 72,000 lives a year. Long working schedules, inflexible work shifts, and work overload often force professional nurses to consider leaving the profession. A recent study by Okrent (2012) indicated that roughly 45% of the nurses planned to make major career changes over the next three years. It is dreadful to no te that a significant percent of the current nursing workforce considers professions outside nursing. This adverse situation justifies the need of implementing a nursing policy that would better regulate nurse staffing ratios in the country and thereby contribute to staff satisfaction. Statistical evidences suggest that hospitals incur huge nurse turnover

Older People With Strokes

Older People With Strokes An estimated 150,000 people have a stroke in the UK each year (Scottish Stroke Care Audit 2005/2006) with a mortality of over 67,000 (British Heart Foundation, 2005) . It is the third most common cause of death in England and Wales, after heart disease and cancer (NHS, 2001).This is in accordance with the report published by World Health Organization stating, stroke is the third highest cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed countries of the world, immediately following ischemic heart disease and malignant diseases(WHO, 2008).Because strokes are common and lead to substantial disability and ill-health, a large proportion of the NHS budget is spent on treating people who have suffered a stroke. The direct cost of stroke to the NHS is estimated to be  £2.8 billion. The cost to the wider economy is  £1.8 billion (NHS, 2001).Thus a needs assessment of this population group might help understand the intricacies of this issue. This assignment aims at giving a brief account of the factors influencing the health of people who have suffered stroke and further plan and justify a health needs assessment for the same. It will also attempt to provide a critical analysis of a relevant health policy and its impact on the affected population. Stroke: Definition and Risk Factors The World Health Organization defines stroke as a condition caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue. The effects of a stroke depends on which part of the brain is injured and how severely it is affected. A very severe stroke can cause sudden death (WHO, 2008). Various physiologic and medical conditions can precipitate stroke. The risk factors can be categorised into biological, environmental, socioeconomic and behavioural. There is often an interplay of two or more factors that attribute to morbidity. Biological: These include age, gender and genetic predisposition. The single most important factor that increases the chances of stroke threefold is the age of the individual (Fisher, 2001). Age People most at risk for stroke are older adults, particularly those with high blood pressure, who are sedentary, overweight, smoke, or have diabetes. Incidence rises exponentially with age and majority of them occur in persons older than 65 years (Fisher, 2001). Wolfe, Rudd Beech (1996) states that the risk of stroke doubles with each successive decade over the age of 55. Older age is also linked with higher rates of post-stroke dementia. Gender In most age groups except older adults, stroke is more common in men than in women. However, it kills more women than men, regardless of ethnic groups (Fisher, 2001). This may be partly due to the fact that women tend to live longer than men, and stroke is more common among older adults. Women account for about 6 in 10 stroke deaths (NHS, 2001). Race and Ethnicity In as diverse a population in England and Wales, the minority population, especially those belonging to the African and South Asian origin, face a significantly higher risk for stroke and death from stroke than the English (Wolfe, 1996). They also have a higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension than other groups. However, studies suggest that socioeconomic factors also affect these differences. Lifestyle Factors Smoking: People who smoke a pack a day have almost two and a half times the risk for stroke as nonsmokers. Smoking increases both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke risk (Wolfe, 1996). The risk for stroke may remain elevated for as long as 14 years after quitting, hence an earlier quit is recommended (NHS, 2001). Diet: Unhealthy diet (saturated fat, high sodium) can contribute to heart disease, high blood pressure, and obesity, which are all risk factors for stroke(Winter, 2001). Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular exercise can increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, and poor circulation, which increase the risk of stroke. Alcohol and Drug Abuse: Alcohol abuse, including binge drinking, increases the risk of stroke. Drug abuse, particularly with cocaine or methamphetamine, is a major factor of stroke in young adults. Anabolic steroids, used for body-building and sports enhancement, also increase stroke risk. Heart and Vascular Diseases Heart disease and stroke are closely tied for many reasons. People who have one heart or vascular condition (high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, peripheral artery disease) are at increased risk for developing other related conditions (British Heart Foundation, 2005). High Blood Pressure. High blood pressure (hypertension) contributes to about 70% of all strokes. Hypertensive people have up to 10 times the normal risk of stroke, depending on the severity of the blood pressure in the presence of other risk factors. Hypertension is also an important cause of so-called silent cerebral infarcts, or blockages, in the blood vessels in the brain (mini-strokes) that may predict major stroke. Controlling blood pressure is extremely important for stroke prevention. A meta-analysis of nine prospective studies, including 420,000 individuals followed for 10 years, found that stroke risk increased by 46% for every 7.5-mm Hg increase in diastolic blood pressure (Fisher,2001). Atrial Fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation, a major risk factor for stroke, is a heart rhythm disorder in which the atria (the upper chambers in the heart) beat very quickly and nonrhythmically (British Heart Foundation, 2005). Between 2 4% of patients with atrial fibrillation without any history of TIA or stroke will have an ischemic stroke over the course of the year. Of those with atrial fibrillation, the risk generally is highest in those older than age 75, with heart failure or enlarged heart, coronary artery disease, history of clots, diabetes, or heart valve abnormalities (Winter, 2001). Diabetes Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of death in people with diabetes. Diabetes is second only to high blood pressure as the main risk factor for stroke. The risk is highest for adults newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and patients with diabetes who are younger than age 55. African-Americans with diabetes are at even higher risk for stroke at a younger age (Wolfe, 1996). Diabetes is a particularly strong risk factor for ischemic stroke, perhaps because of accompanying risk factors, such as obesity and high blood pressure. Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Obesity may increase the risk for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke independently of other risk factors that often co-exist with excess weight, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and unhealthy cholesterol level (Winter, 2001). Weight that is centered around the abdomen (the so-called apple shape) has a particularly high association with stroke, as it does for heart disease, in comparison to weight distributed around hips (pear-shape). Stroke being a syndromic illness, the health needs of those at risk and post stroke survivors are varied and need due consideration. Health Needs Assessment in Stroke Survivors Health needs assessment according to the NHS health needs assessment workbook is a systematic review of the health issues facing a population leading to agreed priorities and resource allocation that will improve health and reduce inequalities. This ensures that any action taken minimises harm to health, and may improve it for those with the most to gain. In particular, stroke is a leading cause of adult disability (Raina, 1998). The trajectory of care for stroke is of sudden onset, acute hospital care followed by rehabilitation and return to community living. Of new stroke survivors, an estimated 56% go directly home after acute care, 32% go to inpatient rehabilitation, and 11% go to long-term care facilities (NHS, 2001). Stroke survivors returning to the community often have difficulties performing every day activities like dressing, eating, and mobility that can last well into the first year post-stroke (Mayo, 2002). It is also commonly associated with cognitive changes (e.g., 26. 3% of ischemic stroke survivors are diagnosed with dementia (Desmond, 2000)). Caregivers provide essential support to these individuals when they return home with varying levels of physical and cognitive difficulty. The assessment of health needs, involves a combination of epidemiological assessment of disease prevalence, the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment and care options, and their relative costs and effectiveness, analysis of existing activity and resource data, and application of this knowledge to populations (Bowling, 2009). Thus according to pallant (2002) it is important to identify the needs not wants so as to achieve measurable improvement from an intervention. As this involves time and efforts and results in considerable long term benefits for those who undertake it and for the population assessed. Hence it has attracted the interest of policy makers, health economist and health professionals to satisfy individual and population needs to optimize resource utilization (Lari Gari, 2005). In the present context the aim of health needs assessment for stroke is to lower the incidence of stroke, directed at reducing smoking, reducing socio-economic deprivation, lowering blood pressure and encouraging healthy lifestyles (Stevens, et al., 2004) Thus the health needs of stroke survivors during various phases of their post stroke recovery period as discovered in the literature are summarized as follows Biological aspect Biological pathology of post-stroke is neuromuscular function impairment which hinge on the lesion area on the brain. Undoubtedly, sensory-motor assessment such as visual field defects, bladder in dysphasia, sensory impairment and muscle power weakness (Klara, 2006). Also, motor paralysis is still a major problem in stroke condition that presents a weakness on the affected side particularly upper and lower extremities, due to lack of muscle tone generation and imbalance of nerve impulse from cerebral cortex which leads to flaccidity and spasticity (Fawcus, 2000). Therefore in order to evaluate post stroke management and care, use of a variety of standardized tests before physical rehabilitation training can help to assess the general and specific needs of the patients. For example, the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) can assess muscle spasticity, the Medical Research Council Motor Power Score (MRC-MPS) can measure motor power and strength of isolated group of muscle and Likert-type scales use to count pain condition (Fasoli et al. 2004). In addition, the Barthel Index can evaluate functional skills of activity of daily living (Shah et al. 1989). These instruments and therapeutic modalities can assess the accurate physical condition and abilities of the stroke survivor and help perform strategic plan for his rehabilitation. Physical aspects After the stabilization of the patients medical condition the clinical emphasis is on preparing the patients to return home. The most important physical competency to be monitored in the stroke survivors by the health professionals at this stage are related to activity of daily living (ADL skills). As Gresham (1986) suggests independence in ADL will continue to be a suitable hallmark of physical restoration. Therefore the aspects that need consideration include education and training of stroke survivors and care givers to help them safely perform the activity of daily living and adapt the training received in the hospital to the home environment. For example, in the home environment bathrooms may be smaller, hallways may be narrower, carpets may be difficult to manage, and stairs may be difficult to negotiate. The sudden transition to the home with an absence of health professionals with whom to consult as needed may also make caregivers anxious. As a result, caregivers may need advi ce from peers and/or health care professionals on how to manage the care recipients various needs (Cameroon Gignac, 2008). They may require additional training, and they may need additional emotional support to address fears and anxiety associated with starting to provide care in the community. Emotional and needs Stroke survivors need continued practice and support in their activities of daily living and would benefit from the opportunity to test their skills in the home environment under the supervision of rehabilitation professionals and/or nurses (Pallant, 2002). These professionals could appraise and provide feedback about their functioning ability with the aim of enhancing stroke survivors skills and confidence. Emotionally, stroke survivors need support from social workers and/or family and friends to manage their mounting anxiety and uncertainty about their skills and competence in the community(Cameroon Gignac, 2008). The types of resources include access to community care agencies, on-going rehabilitation, and support groups. Behavioural needs The first and foremost priority in post stroke rehabilitation is to control the modifiable risk factors in stroke survivors. Several modifiable risk factors that contribute to development and progression of stroke include hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, dietary and hyper-cholesterolaemia (Gariballa, 2004). Multidisciplinary team approach not only helps in prevention but also to identify the susceptible population at risk. It is the primary health care team including clinical governance who leads the team (Pallant, 2002). Studies have shown that hypertension is the single most attributable factor for stroke. Smokers are at three fold risk of stroke when compared with non- smokers and 10 fold risks when in combination with raised systolic blood pressure (Wolfe, Rudd Beech, 1996). Diabetes accounts for 10-20% of all strokes whereas epidemiological studies have confounded that alcohol consumption has direct do se dependent effect (Lindley,2008). Thus patients and care giver counselling in improving the lifestyle related factors and regular monitoring of the patients during post stroke rehabilitation is mandatory for long term benefits. However in order to make the life of the post stroke survivors and the care givers more comfortable appropriate policies and their implementation should be the highest priority of the government and the Department of Health. Policy analysis in post-stroke from National Stroke Strategy [version 2008] (Department of Health, 2008) From the information available, the national stroke strategy tried to give data, advice and support for clear and easy implementation of treatment plan. This policy provides opportunity for stroke survivors to participate and express their health needs. Also, this persuades all institutional services of stroke to prepare pertinent information and health support into the system service to help people access information and care easily. For instance, if stroke survivors need to change service and treatment, healthcare team should explain factual information and transfer them to the right modalities by finding an accurate therapy to support them. Furthermore, if there is a voluntary organization service to serve nearby stroke patients home, health professionals should advise them to encourage joint activity in their society. Conclusively, this guiding principle explores peoples need and open people to feed back information on stroke service attribute. The essence of involving people in developing service and treatment programme lies in the policy makers view to incorporate stroke survivors and carers in decision making for development of strategic plan, focus management, delivery and scrutiny of appropriate service, to provide special tools and assistive support in case of severity. The strength of this stroke policy is evident from the relevant points and emphasis on the step by step sequencing of services regarding important concerns. Besides, guideline pattern has highlighted the key words that refer to reading awareness including consistency of cartoon painting which is easy to capture in perceptual context and comprehension. However, there are a few weaknesses of informative system that cannot explain the details of further information if people need to read in-depth and cannot show the feature of voluntary organization for connection of services. Examine how to serve life after stroke, assessment and rehabilitation Having completed basic stroke treatment, the life after stroke needs to be evaluated with an objective for providing a good quality of life and design services for people who have had a stroke and are supported to live with independence with possible availability of resources at their home and environment. The policy aims at stroke survivors and relatives requirement of high-quality rehabilitation training and medical support in order to promote better movement/mobility in day-to- day life, self hygiene and cooking, adequate communicative skills, distress/depression management problem solving ability and sexual behavioural understanding. The outstanding Information can help many readers and healthcare providers to realize and understand the overview of stroke patients. All healthcare professionals should follow this guideline on rehabilitation by concentrating on individual patient needs and differing needs of some ethnic groups depending on their culture and belief in environmental society. In addition, the plan of strategy has underlined the end-of-life care by considering severe stroke survivors who seem not to get better and help them join the right service programme with the right caregiver such as special care and needs, choice of place of death and assessment of the satisfaction of patients relatives about the end-of-life care. Therefore, the life after stroke policy is to distinguish, to follow and depict the important roles of healthcare team but which cannot see the pitfalls of service process. If the action plan can be manipulated, according to the patient requirement from the hospital to strokes home and community, the end result will definitely be much better. Analyse the process of health service in long-term care support In order to analyse the policy service system of stroke, the stroke strategy has to be formulated to facilitate easy-to-access services and to receive concomitant service from interdisciplinary team for long-term needs of stroke survivors. Outstandingly, provision of long-term care is essential and has become a part of health promotion because post-stroke pathology is different in each patient that needs to be rehabilitated in different modality intervention programmes. Nevertheless, this policy of long-term care support is difficult to manage a range of different rehabilitations because the activity involves various dimensions and a combination of facilities for different stroke cases and hence difficult to meet the complex social care needs. Apart from this, the stroke policy provides only an overview of immediate management and does not explain how to set the long-term care and support for stroke survivors. Although the long- term care process can lead to a better quality of life after stroke, there are many factors that need to be planned, especially related to the individual stroke condition. The guidance should be planned and made elusive in terms of mild, moderate and severe stroke in long-term care and support which is necessary for reflection of different short and long term goals to be achieved in rehabilitation training. However, the policy services merely shows peoples needs assessment and do not describe the effective planning that meets individual needs particularly related to long term care and hence should be considered accordingly to the level of stroke condition to identify specific social care needs, including the purpose of longer-term follow-up with evaluation in multispectral collaborative services. Discuss home modification, return to work and community participation To improve the quality of life in post-stroke environment, the stroke policy makers provide only with a framework for adapting the home to be compatible with patients needs for him/her to be independent but do not give details of provisions for daily life activities. The conceptual strategy has illustrated general requirement of services for transportation and housing management by pondering over housing needs related to adaptation and modification but does not analyse specific factors that may have both positive and negative impact on the development of post-stroke skills as well as that may obstruct independence in functional ability at their homes. Nevertheless, there are no details of home modifications that are mandatory in sample such as slope area, stairway, toilet, bed room and kitchen. Conclusion From the above it is clear that the burden of disease due to stroke and the its impact during the recovery period deeply affects the life of the survivor. The high incidence and prevalence of disease make it necessary to implement appropriate measures to prevent first ever and recurrent strokes. Moreover a well planned rehabilitation of the stroke survivors is vital for improved prognosis. Conclusively an assessment of the health needs of this population group can be used to optimize health care services and facilities in the best interest of the survivors. This can also be used by the policymakers in improving the relevant provisions in meeting the health needs of the deprived. Word count : 3352

Communists Win Chinese Civil War Essay

How much of the Cold War was affected by the Chinese Civil War? One may ask themself this question and not find an answer because one may think very little of another country being a part of different wars at the same time. The Chinese Civil War impacted the Cold War completely. The Chinese Civil War left a legacy of many people, major events in history, importance towards the Cold War and many others. The people who made this war happen also left behind their own goals along with their own legacies. â€Å"The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT), the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China (CPC) for the control of China which eventually led to China’s division into two Chinas, Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Mainland† (Chinese Civil War, 2012). The KMT and CPC are the groups of people who created the Chinese Civil War because of their diverse and unique beliefs on government. This war for control began in April 1927 during the same time of the Northern Expedition, which was a military campaign led by the KMT to unify China under the Kuomintang banner (2012). The Cold War began in 1941 or most resources say exactly after WWII showing that both the Chinese Civil War and Cold War went on in the same time period in history (Cold War, 2012). In the Chinese Civil War the main objective of each powerful party was to gain control of China and establish their thoughts on government. This civil war marked the third largest war in history, being represented by ideological split between the Nationalist KMT and Communist CPC (2012). The main leaders of the Chinese Civil War were the Nationalist’s leader, Chiang Kai-shek, and the Communist’s leader, Mao Zedong. The Chinese Civil War ended due to major active battles ending in 1949-1950 (2012). Most would say the war is still going on with no ending yet because no armistice or peace treaty has been signed yet. With most resources showing the Civil War of China ended about 40 years earlier than the Cold War (Cold War, 2012), but considering the Chinese Civil War never had an armistice nor peace treaty the war has never correctly ended or ended  at all. The Chinese Civil War was mainly ended though due to the Sino-Japanese War destroying the KMT severely toward their moral, troops, and trust throughout China. The Japanese invaded at this time forcing the KMT and CPC to unite in an attempt to drive out the invading Japanese (2012). Furthermore, the KMT when defending Japanese attacks lost many casualties, but once it was the CPC’s turn they defended far more than expectation pushing the Japanese back some using guerilla warfare (2012). This gained a lot of respect and trust within the CPC adding new followers to its party. After this ended the Western-supported Nationalist KMT and the Soviet-supported CPC went back at it for the control of China (Chinese Civil War, 2008). The last three years of the war are more commonly known as the War of Liberation, or alternatively the Third Internal Revolutionary War (2012). â€Å"On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China with its capital at Beiping, which was renamed Beijing; Chiang Kai-shek and approximately 2 million Nationalist Chinese retreated from mainland China to the island of Taiwan† (2012). The Chinese Civil War affected the Soviet Union and United States in many different ways. Among the time period of World War II the United States became a large factor in Chinese affairs (Chinese Civil War, 2011). The United States as an ally helped the Nationalist government by sending a program of massive military and financial aid in the late months of 1941 (2011). â€Å"In January 1943 the United States and Britain led the way in revising their treaties with China, bringing to an end a century of unequal treaty relations† (2011). By doing this the United States were trying to become a strong ally with China, stabilizing force in postwar East Asia (2011). â€Å"As the conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists intensified, however, the United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival forces for a more effective anti-Japanese war effort† (2011). â€Å"Toward the end of the war, United States Marines were used to hold Beiping and Tianjin against a possible Soviet incursion, and logistic support was given to Nationalist forces in north and northeast China: (2011). American strategists debated amongst themselves on whether or not the United States should intervene in an attempt to prevent a Communist victory, which would be following the policy of containment (2011). In December 1945 General George Catlett Marshall arrived in China with the thoughts of more-so bringing the KMT and CPC together to build a  coalition government that would consist of all the contending political and military groups in China (2011). â€Å"Under Marshall’s guidance, the Nationalist and Communist factions established an Exe cutive Headquarters at Peiping, China (also known as Beijing), in January 1946† (2011). The United States Army appointed military personnel into headquarters trying to help administer the cease-fire negotiations (2011). United State forces were still held accountable towards incidents of violence between the Communist and Nationalist powers (2011). Furthermore, â€Å"the United States also helped repatriate Japanese army personnel who were stranded in China after World War II† (2011). Unfortunately for General Marshall, both the Nationalist’s and Communist’s representatives could not compromise or come to an agreement on certain fundamental issues or relinquish the territories they had gained in the time of the Japanese surrender (2011). Because of these miscommunications and bad negotiating between both of the Nationalist and Communist powers, the cease-fire attempts failed after several months resulting in battles resuming on once again (2011). The truce upheld between both forces soon fell apart in the spring of 1946 (2011). â€Å"Negotiations still continued† (2011). â€Å"On 08 January 1947 Marshall was recalled, having realized that American efforts short of large-scale armed intervention could not stop the war† (2011). â€Å"Marshall was then commissioned as Secretary of State in President Truman’s Cabinet† (2011). After this General George Catlett Marshall convinced Congress to give Europe $13 billion to help rebuild, this became known as the â€Å"Marshall Plan† (2011). â€Å"Marshall received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953† (2011). The United States still strongly aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans, but no military support (2011). The Chinese Civil War battles became more raged between the two forces (2011). The two forces now not only fought for territory but also for the allegiance of cross sections of the population (2011). â€Å"By using Manchuria as a base of supply and manpower and by accelerating the stages of Mao’s theory, Co mmunists field commanders defeated Kuomintang forces in a series of conventional engagements in the late 1940s and established the People’s Republic of China in October 1949† (2011). After numerous operational set-backs in Manchuria the Communists were able to take over the region and put more focus towards the war south of the Great Wall (2011). â€Å"Stalin actually tried to restrain Mao on several occasions while he gauged  American responses to developments in China† (2011). The crossing of the Yangtze River culminated in the collapse of the KMT resistance (2011). This led directly to Chiang Kai-shek’s retreat to Taiwan and the formation of the People’s Republic of China on October 1st, 1949 (2011). â€Å"The Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn from Chiang Kai-shek† (2011). This resulted in the final victory of the Communist forces led by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War; this casted an ominous pall over world affairs (2011). Within the same year, Russia detonated its first atomic bomb, ending the United States commanding control over nuclear weapons (2011). The arms race had begun with the nuclear war threat always being a major constant concern in the Cold War (2011). The overall impact of the Chinese Civil War ended in favor for the Soviet Union and going against the United States. This is because the United States were practicing a policy of containment. â€Å"The strategy, containment, is the strategy that the USA had of stopping the spread of Communism right in its tracks at the start of the Cold War† –Mr. Crow. Considering the United States did not stop the spread of Communism to China, they can count this event as a loss in the Cold War. On the other hand, the Soviet Union (USSR) could consider this a victory in the Cold War considering they aided the Communist Party and force in China, helping them win the Chinese Civil War and spread the concept and belief of Communism. The concept or belief of Communism: â€Å"a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state† (Dictionary.com, 2012). â€Å"Communism has ten essential planks, which are the Abolition of Private Property, Heavy Progressive Income Tax, Abolition of Rights of Inheritance, Confiscation of Property Rights, Central Bank, Government Ownership of Communication and Transportation, Government Ownership of Factories and Agriculture, Government Control of Labor, Corporate Farms and Regional Planning, Government Control of Education† (Communism & Amorality, 2012). References â€Å"Chinese Civil War.† GlobalSecurity.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. . â€Å"Chinese Civil War.† New World Encyclopedia . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. . â€Å"Chinese Civil War.† Wikipedia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. . â€Å"Cold War.† New World Encyclodpedia . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. . â€Å"Communism & Amorality .† All About Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. . â€Å"Definition of Communism.† Dictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2012. .

A Rose for Emily & the Lottery

Thuan Nguyen Dr. Robert Janusko English II 2/17/13 A Rose for Emily & The Lottery Many short stories use a technique where they conceal the ending of the story while preparing the reader for the ending. In order to do that, the author uses methods of point of view and foreshadowing. In â€Å"A rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Lottery â€Å"written by Shirley Jackson, the authors use both methods. The point of view used by William Faulkner in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is in 1st person narration where the narrator is the observer of the protagonist.In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† she uses 3rd person point of view in which the narrator is not involved in the story. Like most stories, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Lottery† both use a literary device known as foreshadowing in which both of the authors give clues and hints throughout the story that lead the reader to upcoming happenings in the story and prep are the reader for the ending. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, the narrator is the observer of Emily Grierson who is the protagonist of the story.Narration in 1st person point of view keeps the reader wondering what is going to happen next because it controls the perspective which allows for more surprises. The author also uses foreshadowing in which hints and clues are given throughout the story to prepare the reader for expectations in the story. An example used in the story is how Emily Grierson was in denial and refused to admit that her father is dead. The story also says how Emily’s father was really protective of her and didn’t allow Emily Grierson to date any men because no one was good enough for her.Another example given was that the person that Emily Grierson has been dating, Homer Barron was a Northerner and Emily Grierson knew that her family would not approve of her dating a northerner. Both of these examples gives the reader the hint that the reason E mily Grierson had killed Homer Barron was because she needed a male in the house with her to protect her which is why she did not give up her father for three days. Also, the fact that she loved Homer Barron but felt guilty that he was a northerner because her family would not approve of her dating a northerner.The author also concealed the ending when he threw the reader off by telling the reader that while Homer is out of town Emily bought a poison known as Arsenic. This caused the reader to expect that she was going to kill herself because Homer Barron left her even though he was only going out of town for a few days. Then the narrator went on to tell the reader how Emily bought men’s items and a toilet set with Homer Barron’s initial on it to distract the reader away from the poison. This distraction was the author’s method of trying to conceal the ending while preparing the reader for the ending.The story also hint how there is a smell of decay in and aroun d her house which usually means a dead corpse. At the end of the story Emily Grierson dies and up in the locked up second floor was a skeleton which was Homer Barron’s body. Next to Homer’s Body was a pillow with an indentation of a head and a strain of Emily’s hair. It was obvious that Emily had killed Homer Barron because Arsenic, which Emily purchased earlier, has side effects of edema. In â€Å"The Lottery†, Shirley Jackson writes the story in a 3rd person point of view which allows the reader to understand the situation from all sides.Since the story was in 3rd person point of view not all of the villagers thoughts were not revealed, which the reader eventually learns from the villagers’ argument that this is not something the people of the village would want to win. If the story were in 1st point of view from Mr. Hutchinson’s perspective then the narrator would have to explain how Mr. Hutchinson felt about the lottery, easily giving aw ay the ending that someone was going to get stoned. Third person point of view allows the narrator to give bits of information though the actions and discussions of the villagers and not give away the ending.An example of this is when the narrator said â€Å"Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones†. The information given could most likely mean anything or just something meaningless. They could be playing a game with the rocks that he stuffed in his pockets. The story then reveals that the rocks were used to stone someone to death at the end. Some other clues and hints given in the stories was the saying by Old man Warner â€Å"Lottery in June, Corn be heavy soon† and the story also mentions a ritual. The saying â€Å"Lottery in June, Corn be heavy soon† is saying that population control is needed because Old an Warner also mentioned how there would be trouble if this tradition stopped due to lack of supplies. The term â€Å"Ritual† usu ally could mean death. The story was then easily given away that someone was going to be stoned when Tessie Hutchinson argued against her own husband for winning the lottery. It wouldn’t make sense to argue with your own spouse if they would win the lottery. Again, the story keeps you wondering what is going to happen next when they had to redraw the card and ends with Tessie Hutchinson being stoned to death.In conclusion, the authors used different points of views and also foreshadowing to conceal the ending while preparing the reader for the ending. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† used 1st person point of view effectively and only allowed the reader to be the observer of Emily Grierson instead of being in her point of view which helped conceal the ending of the story. â€Å"The Lottery† used 3rd person point of view effectively and concealed the ending by not revealing the villager’s thoughts.

The Psychology interpretation of DREAMS

The Psychology interpretation of DREAMS Free Online Research Papers Dreams can be very coincidental and mysterious. Throughout history dreams have been associated with revelation and prophecy. And so the story goes, that a dream revealed the molecular structure of carbon to a scientist.[1] And so, just as we can wonder what a certain dream means to the dreamer, we can argue about what causes dreams in the first place. Yet, in spite of modern science, dreams still remain mysterious. In this paper I will; give some interesting information I learned about dreams and psychology. Sigmund Freud once called dreams the â€Å"Royal road, to the unconscious,† and I think that statement will remain true in psychology forever. Freud’s well-known text, The Interpretation of Dreams, contains some of his greatest work. I cant even begin to summarize Freud’s work here, but I will point out that Freud believed every dream is a wish fulfillment, and he kept this theory to the end, even though he gave up his idea that all dreams have a sexual content. For Freud, the concept of wish fulfillment didn’t necessarily mean that a pleasure was what the person is looking for, because a person could just as well have a wish to be punished. Although, this idea of â€Å"secret† wishes hidden in dreams remains most important to classical Freudian theories. Of course, there are other ideas about dreams besides Freudian theories. Some people believe that dreams have certain specific meanings. It’s said that if you dream about oranges, it means good health; if you dream about onions, it means hard work, and so on. You can even buy â€Å"dictionaries† of dream interpretation. Then there are modern scientists who claim that dreams are nothing more than images resulting from random electrical activity in the brain, as it cleans house during the night. And then there are those who accept the unconscious importance of dreams and see them as more than wish fulfillment; I find dreams to be valuable hints about how to improve our lives- and even keep us from self-destructing. To use dream material in a clinical way, in what is called -psychotherapy-, people need to realize that we never use the actual dream itself. That might sound weird, but think about it. When you tell someone about a dream, it’s impossible to pick apart the jumble of images that you perceived while you were sleeping. All you can do is put the dream into words in an imperfect attempt to describe what you experienced. So, in the end, to talk about the dream you really talk about the text of your perception of the dream. Text, stands for, language, and, it’s already a form of interpretation of the actual experience. So does it even matter if the images came to you because of random electrical activity, or because of that greasy pizza you ate before going to bed, or whether they are revelations from your unconscious mind? Your attempt to make sense of those images, wherever they came from, reveals something about your current emotional state of mind. The clinical work of dream interpretation, involves three things. First, you need a written text of the dream. It’s best if you write it down right after you wake up from the dream. But sometimes it’s possible to remember a dream- or a piece of the dream- that you haven’t written down, so whoever you are telling the dream to can write down what you say. Second, you have to describe and understand the psychological associations to the different images in the dream. These associations must come from your personal life, not from a â€Å"dictionary† of dreams. This means asking yourself, â€Å"When you think of this particular dream image, what other things come to mind?† Such as, dreaming about Mrs. Smith from your childhood, for example, doesn’t necessarily â€Å"mean† anything, but what you thought about Mrs. Smith when you were a child- like, what her life, behaviors, and values suggested to you then- might have something to say about the problems you struggle with today. Third, you have to discover the links between all these associations. This process is a bit like those â€Å"connect the dots† puzzles that reveal a hidden picture. Psychologically, you simply need to understand what this set of associations from the dream is telling you specifically, at this exact time of your life, about your current problems and conflicts . Quite often, these associations are purely emotional; meaning, you can take a graphic dream image, examine your emotional reactions to it, look back into your past for times when you felt the same emotions, and then ask yourself in what way those situations from the past have any influence on what is happening in your life now. Here are some helpful and interesting points about dream interpretation:It’s easy to forget your dreams. In order to interpret your dreams you have to remember them, so forgetting them is a real problem. In fact, those who chronically forget their dreams tend to claim that they don’t dream. Dreams are remembered only if you wake up during, or just at the end of, a dream. But if you just turn over and fall asleep again, you’re not likely to remember a thing in the morning. So to remember a dream you have to write it down as soon as you wake up from it. It helps to keep a note pad and a pen by your bed- and tell yourself, before you fall asleep, that you want to write down any dreams you can remember that night. Dreams often mean the opposite of what they seem to mean. The technical, psychoanalytic explanation for this is complicated, but it has to do with the fact that we often see our own desires as they are reflected (and mirror-reversed) through others. For example, if you dream that you’re embarrassed for being in public without clothes, it likely means that you have a deep unconscious need for some hidden aspect of your being to be shown to others in its â€Å"naked truth.† You don’t have to interpret your dreams in order to solve your problems. But just as there is the saying that â€Å"Death cures cigarette smoking,† you might find that listening to your dreams may help you solve your problems before you run out of time. Similarly, although dream analysis does not necessarily have to be a part of your well being, your understanding of yourself can be enhanced if you make the effort to interpret your dreams. But understand there are other great things you can do that have nothing to with dreams to enhance your personal well-being and solve your problems. There is so much information on dreams I have researched, but it is impossible to explain everything to you in one essay. Keep in mind that dreams are not just crazy random stories your unconscious mind makes up while your asleep, they have meaning and explanation, and can sometimes tell you things about yourself that you did not know. Dreams could also have a lot to do with images resulting from random electrical activity in your brain. In conclusion, if you are wondering what a specific dream interprets or has to do with what you are feeling inside, write it down, pick it apart, analyze it and research it, you might be very surprised at what you find. But do not stress if you cannot figure out what a dream is telling you, some are meant to remain a mystery and pose as a challenge for you to overcome in life. Research Papers on The Psychology Mind TravelThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTwilight of the UAWStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Human Resource Bundles

Human Resource Bundles The relationship between organizational performance and human resource management (HRM) practices has been discussed and examined by scholars and business administrators. It is believed that the ability to motivate, train or empower workers can give a company a competitive advantage over other firms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Bundles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the issues that are often studied is the impact of the so-called human resource bundles on the business outcomes, namely productivity, profitability or retention of workers. In this case, the term bundles can be understood as a set of aligned and interrelated practices and strategies that are supposed to bring mutually enforcing effects on organizational performance (Ahmad Schroeder 2003, p. 37). This paper is aimed at determining whether this approach leads to superior outcomes. Overall, one can say that such bundles can inde ed have a positive influence on a company provided that managers understand the core values and needs of workers. At first, it is necessary to focus on the theoretical background of HR bundles and the reasons why approach to HR management has become very popular in many organizations. One of the main assumption is that the activities of an HR managers have to be synergistic (Toh, Morgeson, Campion 2008, p. 864). In other words, they have to supplement one another and create an extra value for a company. Scholars provide various examples to support this idea. For instance, companies often develop training programs for their workers so that they could acquire and develop new skills. However, these training programs usually yield better results, if an organization has a knowledge-based pay system (Toh, Morgeson, Campion 2008, p. 864). This system has to account for individual contribution of every worker so that he/she could be more willing to take part in training. This is how sever al HRM practices can reinforce each other.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second point that scholars make is that HRM practices should reflect organizations context. Managers should take into account such factors as the size of the company, its structure, culture, product, and so forth (Verburg, Hartog, Koopman 2007, p. 186). This is why it is necessary to adapt HRM practices to this context and make them mutually consistent. There is another distinct peculiarity of HRM bundles. A manager, who adopts this approach, should not focus on a single activity. Instead, it is necessary to think about them as a system of related components (Gooderham, Parry, Ringdal 2008, p. 2043). These people should remember that the change in one practice can either increase or decrease the efficiency of other HR activities. So, this approach differs from conventional strategies o f HR managers. Overall, HR bundles have to touch upon such aspects of HR management as recruitment, performance appraisal, compensation, the development of employees’ skills, empowerment of workers, and so forth. These practices should not be viewed as some disjoint elements. More likely, they are supposed to support each other. It is believed that in this way, an organization can yield better results. So, theoretical underpinnings of HR bundles can be accepted. However, business administrators should remember that the bundling of HRM practices can be effective provided that the company can understands the values, goals, and needs of workers. HR bundles should be based on some tested assumptions about the behavior of workers. Provided that this set of policies is poorly designed, its effects can be devastating because a company can design a whole set of policies that disregard the behavior of employees. This is the main risk that human resource managers should consider. At th is point, it is necessary to discuss empirical studies that examine the impacts of using this approach.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Bundles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researchers, who examine the changes brought by HR bundles, focus on such outcomes as the retention of employees, financial performance, relationship with customers, or operational performance (Subramony 2009, p. 745). The meta-analysis carried out by Manesh Subramony indicates that there is a positive relationship between the use of HR bundles and some of important business outcomes. For instance, one can mention motivation-enhancing bundles. They include such practices as linking pay with performance, incentive plans, or improved healthcare benefits (Subramony 2009, p. 746). The companies, which used these bundles, were able to reduce employee turnover (Subramony 2009, p. 753). Additionally, skill-enhancing bundles positi vely affected the performance of workers (Subramony 2009, p. 752). This is one of the examples showing that this strategy can lead to superior results. The main distinction of such companies is that they try to align their policies and orient them toward a certain goal. The management of these organizations does not isolate different practices of HR managers. One can also refer to the research conducted by Eleni Stavrou and Chris Brewster (2009) who examined the impact of different HRM bundles on such aspects of business performance as service quality, profitability, and productivity (p. 191). These authors surveyed the CEOs of 3702 companies (Stavrou Brewster 2009, p. 191). This study examines the role of different bundles that are related to training, performance appraisal, and compensation (Stavrou Brewster 2009, p. 193).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The researchers argue that a combination of strategies can better increase the productivity and retention of workers. In particular, they refer to training, pay-for-performance compensation system, and profit-sharing initiatives (Stavrou Brewster 2009, p. 193). On the whole, this study suggests that the bundle approach proved to be more effective than separate practices of HR managers. The organizations surveyed by Eleni Stavrou and Chris Brewster do not try to isolate HRM initiatives. More likely, they were viewed as a combination of mutually consistent policies. This is the main distinction of this approach. The use of the bundle method can have a positive impact on employees’ attitude toward the company and their commitment to organizational goals. One can mention the research article written by Jill Perry-Smith and Terry Blum (2000) who discuss the influence of the so-called work-family bundles. They can be defined as a set of policies that are designed to improve non-wo rk lives of employees (Perry-Smith Blum 2000, p. 1107). The findings of these authors suggest that workers feel more attached to those companies which try to reconcile organizational goals with personal needs of an employee (Perry-Smith Blum 2000, p. 1114). Normally, these bundles include such practices as flexible schedule programs, leave policies, or reemployment of workers (Perry-Smith Blum 2000, p. 1110). The main goal of these policies is to demonstrate that a company values each employee and wants to retain him/her. Nevertheless, the authors also point out that the positive influence of work-family bundles is much stronger in those firms in which a greater number of women are employed (Perry-Smith Blum 2000, p.1112). Thus, the positive effects of HR bundles depend upon the demographic characteristics of the labor force; in this case, one can speak about gender. On the whole, these examples suggest that the use of bundles can greatly benefit an organization. In most cases, organizations can really produce superior results with by adopting this approach. However, there are some issues that business administrators should not disregard. First of all, the researchers, who did these empirical studies, admit that it is often very difficult to measure the influence of HR bundles on performance. For instance, Manesh Subramony acknowledges that the influence of environmental factors on performance can be very significant and the degree of their influence should also be examined (2009, p. 758). In this regard, one can mention such external factors as the demand of the products or services, the level of unemployment in the country, or the competition faced by a company. These external factors can affect turnover in an organization or its profitability more profoundly than HR bundles. Additionally, Jill Perry-Smith and Terry Blum point out that the influence of HR bundles can be more accurately assessed if researchers conduct longitudinal studies (2000, p. 1115). It is necessary to examine the effects of HR bundles for a long time, because in this way one can better very the results of empirical studies. The problem is that longitudinal is not always possible. Thus, empirical evidence supporting the use of HR bundles should be more closely evaluated. Yet, despite these limitations one can still argue that the practices of HR managers should be better coordinated. They should have some common goal. This is why human resource bundles are often related to many positive outcomes, such as increased commitment of workers, improved productivity, and stronger motivation of workers. To a great extent, this argument is confirmed by many empirical studies. Although these studies have some limitation, the evidence that they provide suggests that the bundling of HRM practices is more effective that isolated activities of HR managers. Although, the use of HR bundles can be very promising, researchers should carry out further studies in order to measure t he efficiency of this method. One should focus on such dimensions of performance as customer retention, turnover in an organization, revenues, and so forth. More importantly, the impacts of HR bundles should be measured for more than once. References Ahmad, S Schroeder, R 2003. ‘The impact of human resource management practices on operational performance: recognizing country and industry differences’ Journal of Operations Management, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 19-43. Gooderham, P, Parry, E, Ringdal, K 2008, The impact of bundles of strategic human resource management practices on the performance of European firms, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, vol. 19 no. 11, pp. 2041-2056. Perry-Smith, J, Blum, T 2000, Work-family human resource bundles and perceived organizational performance, Academy Of Management Journal, vol. 43 no. 6, pp. 1107-1117 Stavrou, E, Brewster, C 2005, The Configurational Approach to Linking Strategic Human Resource Management Bundles wi th Business Performance: Myth or Reality?, Management Revue, vol. 16 no. 2, pp. 186-201. Subramony, M 2009, A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between HRM bundles and firm performance, Human Resource Management, vol. 48 no. 5, pp. 745-768 Toh, S, Morgeson, F, Campion, M 2008, Human resource configurations: Investigating fit with the organizational context, Journal Of Applied Psychology, vol. 93 no. 4, pp. 864-882. Verburg, R, Hartog, D, Koopman, P 2007, Configurations of human resource management practices: a model and test of internal fit, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, vol. 18 no. 2, pp. 184-208.

CAPM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CAPM - Assignment Example CAPM has theoretical limitation, which include impractical assumptions and instability of the beta values. The Arbitrage Pricing Model and Rolls have criticized the theory indicating that it may be unreliable and invalid. This study will examine the theoretical limitations and criticisms of the theory. Theoretical Limitations of the Theory The theory argues that all investors are risk avoiders and that the returns are normally distributed (Ma, 2011). This is not the case because investors are normally risk takers who are willing to make huge returns when their predictions favor them and lose when they fail. Assuming that returns are normally distributed is also unfounded because investors are not usually sure of the yields on their assets (Ma, 2011). The assumption that assets are free from risk is also unrealistic because it is hard to find such stocks in the real world. The theory argues that short-term securities offered by the government are free from hazards because the state as sures investors certain returns on the assets. This is not the case because the risk on the assets is in the form of inflation, which is the instability of prices in the market (Ma, 2011). Inflation leads to the loss of value of money, and this means that, assets also lose their worth when prices rise in the economy. Since money loses its value then it means that investors face the risk of lower returns when their stock matures. For example, when the state pays 10% on its short-term bonds then inflation rises in the country by 2%, investors get 8% returns on their securities in real terms. This means that investors face the risk of inflation, which reduces their earnings. This also indicates that the CAPM model is applicable in an ideal world, an occurrence that is impossible (Ma, 2011). Roll’s Critique of CAPM Roll criticizes the validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model equation. The equation is as indicated below: E(Ri) =RF +?i [E(RM) - RF] Where E(Ri) represents the yie ld on security i. RF is the risk free rate of return. Bi is the market risk that security i faces. Roll’s first critique was that the model could not be tested using current data because it is constructed based on historical data. The impossibility of testing the model arises from the fact that it is based on market values of stocks, real estates, jewelers, and labor. Rolls argue that it is impossible to find the market value of this portfolio because no accurate data of these factors exists in reality. Thus, Roll argues that the CAPM cannot be proven right or wrong because of the impossibility of getting accurate data (Ma, 2011). Roll argues that economic models should be easy to test using future data because they simplify the real life. However, according to him, CAPM is complex because of the inability of being tested using future data, and this makes it unreliable. Roll also postulates that it is impossible to get efficient stocks whose values and rates of return have li near relationships ideally (Ma, 2011). Therefore, Rolls argument generally argues that CAPM is unreliable because it has never been tested using real data, and it is still impossible to do so because of uncertainty of prices, which is common in the real world. Arbitrage Pricing Model (APM) The APM addresses the weaknesses of CAPM by doing away with the assumption that the

The Novels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Novels - Essay Example But The Underdogs was the one & only exception. The reader experiences Azuela’s heartbeat & his emotional pathos while reading this mind boggling work of fiction. The novel is highly pragmatic as it depicts the misery of a war ravaged Mexico, while concentrating on the pivotal character of ‘Demetrio Macias’. Azuela attempts to scrutinize the traits of the revolution as a magnamous social event & an unstoppable force which is so strong that it drags all the folks around it within its gravitational order-defining the actions of each of the characters. The novel as per its subtitle represents a chronology of ‘pictures of the revolution’ that displays its force & human qualities, as they shattered the age old static character of the Mexican social infrastructure. The dynamism & the influential idiosyncrasies of the lead character Demetrio motivated large numbers of dreamy individuals who pondered over the idea of an egalitarian social structure post revol ution (Azuela, 15-25). But unfortunately, all the dreams were not destined to become true. The aftermath of Mexican revolution was equally sordid. Gross disruptions, anarchy, & statelessness became the order of the day. Several novels were framed on the morbid atmosphere of the post revolutionary era, which contradicted the very ‘idealistic approach’ of Azuela. Nevertheless, Underdogs can be estimated as a burning memento of the revolutionary history of Mexico (Azuela, 18-29). It can be easily concluded that Azuela was statistically the first Mexican novelist who grasped the ‘reality of the revolution’. The distinguishing characteristic of Underdogs is that reality & fiction comes together as an inseparable force to cast away the reader. The naturalistic fatalism in this novel remains as an intoxicating quotient. The protagonist Demetrio Macias is coerced into the revolution as a means of defending his own existence. He ends his life story where it began,